catastrophic是什么意思astrophic在线翻译读音

外语更新时间:2025-05-25 02:41:09

田亩的英文译语怎么说-winterinmyheart

2023年4月19日发(作者：莫衷一是造句)Catastrophic versus uniform view of change and the age of the earth
灾变论与均变论的争议及地球的年龄
Ancient people q爱国的古诗词100首 uite understandably were impresse观沧海原文赏析 d only by rapid and violent geologic
process. This led to a catastrophic view头发的拼音 of the earth (commonly called catastrophism), which
dominated European thought until 1850. Changes were thought to occur suddenly, rapidly, and
devastatingly by series of catastrophes. The most famous example of such a supposed catastrophe
was, of course, the great Deluge of the Old Testament. Others included volcanic eruptions at
Pompeii and Thera as well as the Lisbon earthquake.
古人一般容易理解快速及强烈变化的地质过程，这种认识致使人们产生了对地球的灾变
性假说（简称灾变论），该观点在1850年以前一直待欧洲占主导地位。地质变化被认为是突
发的、迅速的、毁灭性的灾难，其中最负盛名的例子当属《旧约》中记载的大洪水事件，其
次是庞贝和锡拉的火山喷发，及里斯本地震。
Aparallel idea consistent with catastrophism was a universally accepted belief that earth was 东临碣石以观沧海是哪里
but a few thousand years old. This conception is revealed in Shakespeare’s As You Like It, written
around 1600, where reference is made to the age of the earth being about 6000 years. In 1654 one
of several more definite pronouncements came from Anglican Archbishop Ussher, who announced
that, based upon his analysis of genealogies in the Scriptures and of astronomical cycles, the world
had been created in the year 4004 B.C. on the 23d of October! Some years later, another authority
fixed an equally precise date for the great Deluge, November 18, 2349 B.C. At that time,
practically all leading European intellectuals believed implicitly in a literal interpretation of the
Bible, and so it is not surprising to find that a 6000-year age for the earth was gospel for fully 200
years.
与灾变论一样广为人知的另一个观点是认为地球不过几千年历史。这种观点曾出现在莎
士比亚写于1600年左右的名著《皆大欢喜》中，其中提到地球的年龄大约6千年。1654年，
圣公会大主教厄谢尔宣布了一个更加确切的年龄，基于他对家谱及天文周期的分析，认为地
球形成于公元前4004年10月的第23天！几年后，另外一个权威的声明指出了大洪水事件
的精确时间为公元前2349年11月18日。当时几乎所有欧洲的先进知识分子都信奉《圣经》
中的文字，因此认为地球年龄只有6000年的思想统治了欧洲长达200年就不令人吃惊了。
In the seventeenth century, the Scriptural account of Creation was a point of departure for
European science. Humans were consid君子好逑 ered early comers who lived for a time in paradise. As
punishment for their sins, the Deluge was sent to throw the earth’s surface into chaos. Countless
creatures suddenly were buried in sediments, violent waves and currents scoured out valleys and
piles up rocks to form mountains, and the earth was wracked by earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions. After the flood, the mountains began to be worn down and valleys to be filled.
17世纪时，圣经故事中创造世界的描述是欧洲科学的出发点。人类被认为是由天堂而
来的初访者。为了惩罚人类的过错，大洪水事件使地球表面陷入混乱，无数生物被突然埋藏
到沉积物中，猛烈的海浪和洋流冲刷出了山谷，并把岩石堆积成山脉，同时地球受到地震及
火山活动的严重破坏。这次大洪水事件之后，山脉开始被消磨，山谷开始被充填。
When geology emerged as a vigorous intellectual pursuit around 1800, an alternative concept
of earth change began to develop. It was now argued that the same common processed observed
operating today were largely responsible for all past changes imprinted in the rock record.
Anoncatastrophic or more uniform view of change thus emerged, which provided no role for
miraculous or supernatural processed that are scientifically unknown. It also regarded the sudden,
violent phenomena as no more, and possibly less, important overall than more uniform processes

operate on a regularly recurring, continual day-to-day basis, such as the constant pounding of surf
on a shoreline and the daily rise and fall of the tides. But most of the less frequently occurring
processes also must be considered geologically normal or uniform. For example, the world
annually experiences about 150 major earthquakes, 20 volcanic eruptions, and countless flood, so
none of these episodic events can be co再接再厉继续努力句子 nsidered unusual or catastrophic.
19世纪，当地质学成为知识分子们积极探索的领域，关于地球演化的另一种概念开始
发展起来。这种观点认为现在所发生的地质现象与过去在很大程度上是可以类比的，且记录
在岩石当中。因此一种非灾变的，或者说更加均变的观点应运而生，那些科学中未知的超自
然现象被排除在外。在这种观点中，那些突发的、强烈的地质现象甚至不如那些日复一日持
续发生的均变的地质现象对地间不容发球的影响更大，例如，海浪对岸线的不断冲刷，每日潮汐的涨
落。而且，那些较少发生的事件在地质尺度下也应该被认为是正常及均匀的，例如，世界每
年经历大约150大地震，20火山爆发，及无数的洪水，所以，这些事件中没什么可以被认
为是不寻常的或灾难性的。春江花月夜张若虚
The most extreme and dramatic flood known to geologists deserves special mention. In
eastern Washington state, there is a vast region called Scablands, which has many large river
channels that today have little or no water flowing through them. Detective work shows that about
22000 years ago a large, glacially dammed lake in western Montana several times emptied huge
volumes of water across eastern Washington. These floods were so extreme that they moved
boulders as if they were but tiny sand grains and built giant ripples 10 meters high on gravel bars.
The flooding water raced at rates approaching our modern highway speed limit! Although the
scale of these Scablands floods is staggering, even for the geologist, they can be fully explained by
well-known geologic process; there is nothing miraculous about them-only their magnitude seems
unique!
值得一提的是一次对地质学家来说十分极端及引人注目的洪水。在华盛顿州东部，有一
片被称为“不毛之地”的广阔区域，那里有许多河道，但现今几乎没有水了。研究工作表明，
大约22000年前，蒙大拿州西部的堰塞湖几次耗尽了东华盛顿的所有水量。洪水十分凶猛，
轻松的携带了大量的石块，仿佛这些石块只是小沙粒一样，洪水掀起的巨量高出了沙坝10
米。洪水泛滥的速度接近现代的高速公路的限速！虽然对于地质学家来说这次洪水也足以令
人惊愕，但这种现象却完全可以通过已知的地质过程进行解释，也就是说，即使它的规模是
空前的，这也并不是什么超自然的现象。
Today we envision the earth as dynamic, ever-changing, and evolving under the influences of
many complex physical, chemical, and biological processed that show great variations of rates and
intensities. These processed compete with one another to produce a situation tending toward some
balance, or equilibrium, among them. But the equilibrium is always being disturbed by new
changes. The resulting modifications are in part nonrepeating cha侠客行李白 nges, and in part repeating ones.
Thus, American geologist C. e reflected this newer view of the earth in 1898 when he
wrote that “the earth is not finished, but is now being, and will forevermore be re-made.”
今天我们认识到地球是动态的，不断变化的，并且受到复杂的物理、化学、生物过程的
共同作用，其变化速率及强度不尽相同。这些过程相互作用以达到相互之间的平衡。然而，
这些平衡却总被新的扰动所打乱，由此产生的变化反复发生却又是不可逆的。因此，正如美
国地质学家C. Hise在1898年描述地球的新观点中所写到的：“地球的演化是未完结
的，但其现在正在，并将永远在被重新改写。”
A corollary of the uniform change concept, which had great impact upon Western society in
the 1800s, was its inescapable implication that the earth must, in fact, be much more than a few

thousand years old in order to allow enough time for all observable ancient changes to have
occurred in noncatastrophic ways. We begin to see here the seeds of a social controversy whose
repercussions affected our entire civilization with the age of the earth and the nature of geologic
changes as principal points of o’s telescope already had stretched human
minds to consider an infinity of space and other possible world文天祥《正气歌》 s. Now geology suggested an
infinity time and history.
关于均变论的一个重要推论，即事实上，地球的年龄应该是远大于几千年的，从而才能
使地质事件以非灾变的方式在均匀的时间尺度下变化，这一推论曾对19世纪的西方社会产
生很大的冲击。在这里我们看到，一个社会争议问题成为了影响整个关于地球年龄和地质过
程讨论的本质分歧。伽利略的望远镜已经把人类的思维投放至无限的空间和可能性。现在地
质学们有着无限的时间和历史眼光。