美国大学生数学建模MCM 数学专用名词

2024年1月10日发(作者：小学如何评讲数学试卷)

美国大学生数学建模MCM 数学专用名词augmented matrix增广矩阵asymptotic渐进的asymptote渐进线asymmetrical非对称的associative law结合律ascending上升的arrangement排列arithmetic算术argument幅角，幅度，自变量，论证area面积arc length弧长apothem边心距apex顶点aperiodic非周期的antisymmetric反对称的antiderivative原函数anticlockwise逆时针的annihilator零化子angular velocity角速度angle of rotation旋转角angle of incidence入射角angle of elevation仰角angle of depression俯角angle of circumference圆周角analytic space复空间analytic geometry解析几何analytic function解析函数analytic extension解析开拓amplitude幅角，振幅alternative互斥的alternate series交错级数almost everywhere几乎处处algebraic topology代数拓扑algebraic expression代数式algebraic代数的affine仿射(几何学)的admissible error容许误差admissible容许的adjugate伴随转置的adjoint operator伴随算子adjoint伴随的adjacency邻接additive加法，加性acute angle锐角accumulation point聚点accidential error偶然误差

accessible point可达点abstract space抽象空间abstract algebra抽象代数absolute value绝对值absolute integrable绝对可积absolute convergent绝对收敛Abelian阿贝尔的，交换的balance equation平衡方程bandwidth带宽barycenter重心base基base vectors基向量biased error有偏误差biased statistic有偏统计量bilinear双线性的bijective双射的bilateral shift双侧位移的binomial二项式bisector二等分线，平分线boundary边界的，边界bounded有界的broken line折线bundle丛，把，卷calculus微积分calculus of variations变分法cancellation消去canonical典型的，标准的canonical form标准型cap交，求交运算capacity容量cardinal number基数Cartesian coordinates笛卡尔坐标category范畴，类型cell单元，方格，胞腔cell complex胞腔复形character特征标characterization特征circuit环路，线路，回路circular ring圆环circulating decimal循环小数clockwise顺时针方向的closed ball闭球closure闭包cluster point聚点coefficient系数cofinal共尾的cohomology上同调

coincidence重合，叠和collinear共线的collective集体的columnar rank列秩combinatorial theory组合理论common tangent公切线commutative交换的compact紧的compact operator紧算子compatibility相容性compatible events相容事件complementary余的，补的complete完全的，完备的complex analysis复变函数论complex potential复位势composite复合的concave function凹函数concentric circles同心圆concurrent共点conditional number条件数confidence interval置信区间conformal共形的conic圆锥的conjugate共轭的connected连通的connected domain连通域consistence相容，一致constrained约束的continuable可延拓的continuity连续性contour周线，回路，轮廓线convergence收敛性convexity凸形convolution对和，卷积coordinate坐标coprime互质的，互素的correspondence对应coset陪集countable可数的counterexample反例covariance协方差covariant共变的covering覆盖critical临界的cubic root立方根cup并，求并运算curl旋度

curvature曲率curve曲线cyclic循环的decade十进制的decagon十边形decimal小数的，十进制的decision theory决策论decomposable可分解的decreasing递减的decrement减量deduction推论，归纳法defect亏量，缺陷deficiency亏格definition定义definite integral定积分deflation压缩deflection挠度，挠率，变位degenerate退化的deleted neighborhood去心邻域denominator分母density稠密性，密度density function密度函数denumerable可数的departure偏差，偏离dependent相关的dependent variable因变量derangement重排derivation求导derivative导数descent下降determinant行列式diagram图，图表diameter直径diamond菱形dichotomy二分法diffeomorphism微分同胚differentiable可微的differential微分differential geometry微分几何difference差，差分digit数字dimension维数directed graph有向图directed set有向集direct prodect直积direct sum直和direction angle方向角

directional derivative方向导数disc圆盘disconnected不连通的discontinuous不连续的discrete离散的discriminant判别式disjoint不相交的disorder混乱，无序dissection剖分dissipation损耗distribution分布，广义函数divergent发散的divisor因子，除数division除法domain区域，定义域dot product点积double integral二重积分dual对偶dynamic model动态模型dynamic programming动态规划dynamic system动力系统eccentricity离心率econometrics计量经济学edge棱，边eigenvalue特征值eigenvector特征向量eigenspace特征空间element元素ellipse椭圆embed嵌入empirical equation经验公式empirical assumption经验假设endomorphism自同态end point端点entropy熵entire function整函数envelope包络epimorphism满同态equiangular等角equilateral等边的equicontinuous等度连续的equilibrium平衡equivalence等价error estimate误差估计estimator估计量evaluation赋值，值的计算even number偶数

exact sequenceexact solutionexcenterexcisionexclusive eventsexhaustiveexpansionexpectationexperimental errorexplicit functionexponentextensionfacefactorfactorialfallacyfiducialfieldfield theoryfigurefinitefinite groupfinite iterationfinite rankfinitely coveredfittingfixed pointflagflat spaceformulafractionframefree boundaryfrequencyfront sidefunctionfunctionalfunctorfundamental groupfuzzygaingamegapgeneral topologygeneral termgeneralizedgeneralized inverse正合序列精确解外心切割，分割互斥事件穷举的展开，展开式期望实验误差显函数指数扩张，外延面因子阶乘谬误置信域，场域论图形，数字有限的有限群有限迭代有限秩有限覆盖拟合不动点标志平旦空间公式分数，分式架，标架自由边界频数，频率正面函数泛函函子，算符基本群模糊的增益，放大率对策间断，间隙一般拓扑学通项普遍的，推广的广义逆

generalization归纳，普遍化generating line母线genus亏格geodesic测地线geometrical几何的geometric series几何级数golden section黄金分割graph图形，网格half plane半平面harmonic调和的hexagon六边形hereditary可传的holomorphic全纯的homeomorphism同胚homogeneous齐次的homology同调homotopy同伦hyperbola双曲线hyperplane超平面hypothesis假设ideal理想idempotent幂等的identical恒等，恒同identity恒等式，单位元ill-condition病态image像点，像imaginary axis虚轴imbedding嵌入imitation模仿，模拟immersion浸入impulse function脉冲函数inclination斜角，倾角inclined plane斜面inclusion包含incomparable不可比的incompatible不相容的，互斥的inconsistent不成立的indefinite integral不定积分independence无关（性），独立（性）index指数，指标indivisible除不尽的inductive归纳的inductive definition归纳定义induced诱导的inequality不等式inertia law惯性律inference推理，推论

infimum下确界infinite无穷大的infinite decimal无穷小数infinite series无穷级数infinitesimal无穷小的inflection point拐点information theory信息论inhomogeneous非齐次的injection内射inner point内点instability不稳定integer整数integrable可积的integrand被积函数integral积分intermediate value介值intersection交，相交interval区间intrinsic内在的，内蕴的invariant不变的inverse circular funct反三角函数inverse image逆像，原像inversion反演invertible可逆的involution对合irrational无理的，无理数irreducible不可约的isolated point孤立点isometric等距的isomorphic同构的iteration迭代joint distribution联合分布kernel核keyword关键词knot纽结known已知的large sample大样本last term末项lateral area侧面积lattice格子lattice point格点law of identity同一律leading coefficient首项系数leaf蔓叶线least squares solution最小二乘解lemma引理Lie algebra李代数

lifting提升likelihood似然的limit极限linear combination线性组合linear filter线性滤波linear fraction transf线性分linear filter线性滤波式变换式变换linear functional线性泛函linear operator线性算子linearly dependent线性相关linearly independent线性无关local coordinates局部坐标locus()轨迹logarithm对数lower bound下界logic逻辑lozenge菱形lunar新月型main diagonal主对角线manifold流形mantissa尾数many-valued function多值函数map into映入map onto映到mapping映射marginal边缘master equation主方程mathermatical analysis数学分析mathematical expectati数学期望matrix(pl. matrices)矩阵maximal极大的，最大的maximum norm最大模mean平均，中数measurable可测的measure测度mesh网络metric space距离空间midpoint中点minus减minimal极小的，最小的model模型modulus模，模数moment矩monomorphism单一同态multi-analysis多元分析multiplication乘法

multipolemutualmutually disjointnatural boundarynatural equivalencenatural numbernatural periodnegativeneighborhoodnil-factornilpotentnodalnoncommutativenondensenonemptynoncountablenonlinearnonsingularnormnormalnormal derivativenormal directionnormal distributionnormal familynormal operatornormal setnormedn-tuple integralnumber theorynumerical analysisnullobtuse angleoctagonoctantodd numberodevityoff-centreone-sideopen balloperations reserachoptimalityoptimizationoptimumorbitorderorder-preservingorder-type多极相互的互不相交自然边界自然等价自然数固有周期负的，否定的邻域零因子幂零的节点的非交换的疏的，无处稠密的非空的不可数的非线性的非奇异的范数正规的，法线法向导数法方向正态分布正规族正规算子良序集赋范的重积分数论数值分析空，零钝角八边形卦限奇数奇偶性偏心的单侧的开球运筹学最优性最优化最佳条件轨道阶，级，次序保序的序型

ordinal次序的ordinary寻常的，正常的ordinate纵坐标orient定方向orientable可定向的origin原点original state初始状态orthogonal正交的orthonormal规范化正交的outer product外积oval卵形线overdetermined超定的overlaping重叠，交迭pairity奇偶性pairwise两两的parabola抛物线parallel平行parallel lines平行线parallelogram平行四边形parameter参数parent population母体partial偏的，部分的partial ordering偏序partial sum部分和particle质点partition划分，分类path space道路空间perfect differential全微分period周期periodic decimal循环小数peripheral周界的，外表的periphery边界permissible容许的permutable可交换的perpendicular垂直perturbation扰动，摄动phase相，位相piecewise分段的planar平面的plane curve平面曲线plane domain平面区域plane pencil平面束plus加point of intersection交点pointwise逐点的polar coordinates极坐标pole极，极点

polygonpolygonal linepolynomialpositivepotencypotentialprimeprimitiveprincipal minorprismproof theoryprobabilityprojectiveproportionpurepyramidquadrantquadraticquadric surfacequantityquasi-groupquasi-normquasi-normalqueuing theoryquotientradialradical signradicationradianradiusramifiedrandomrandomizerangerankrationalraw datareal functionreciprocalreciprocal basisreciprocityrectanglerectifiablerecurring decimalreducereflectionreflexive多边形折线多项式正的，肯定的势，基数位势素的本原的主子式棱柱证明论概率射影的，投影比例纯的棱锥，棱锥体像限二次的二次曲面量，数量拟群拟范数拟正规排队论商径向根号开方弧度半径分歧的随机随机化值域，区域，范围秩有理的原始数据实函数倒数的，互反的对偶基互反性长方形，矩形可求长的循环小数简化，化简反射自反的

regionregularregular ringrelated functionremanentrepeated rootresidueresolutionresolventright anglerotationroundoffrow rankruled surfacerunssaddle pointsamplesamplingscalar fieldscalar productscalescatteringsectorialself-adjointsemicirclesemi-definitesemigroupsemisimpleseparablesequencesequentialserialsheafside facesimilarsimple curvesimplexsingular valuesskeletonskewnessslacknessslantslopesmall samplesmooth manifoldsolid figuresolid geometry区域正则正则环相关函数剩余的重根留数，残数分解预解式直角旋转舍入行秩直纹曲面游程，取遍鞍点样本取样标量场数量积，内积标尺，尺度散射，扩散扇形自伴的半圆半定的半群半单纯的可分的序列相继的，序列的序列的层侧面相似的简单曲线单纯形奇异值骨架偏斜度松弛性斜的斜率小样本光滑流形立体形立体几何

solid of rotationsolutionsolvablesparsespectral theoryspectrumspherespiralspline functionsplittingstatisticsstatisticstochasticstraight anglestraight linestream-linesubadditivesubintervalsubmanifoldsubsetsubtractionsumsummablesummandsupremumsurjectivesymmetrictabulartabulationtangenttangent spacetangent vectortensortermterminal rowtermwisetetrahedroidtopologicaltorsiontotally ordered settracetrajectorytranscendentaltransfertransfinitetransformationtransitive旋转体解可解的稀疏的谱论谱球面，球形螺线样条函数分裂的统计，统计学统计量随机的平角直线流线次可加的子区间子流形子集减法和可加的被加数上确界满射的对称的表格式的列表，造表正切，切线切空间切向量张量项末行逐项的四面体拓扑的挠率全序集迹轨道超越的改变，传超限的变换式可传递的

translation平移transpose转置transverse横截、trapezoid梯形treble三倍，三重trend趋势triad三元组triaxial三轴的，三维的trigon三角形trigonometric三角学的tripod三面角tubular管状的twist挠曲，扭转type类型，型，序型unbiased无偏的unbiased estimate无偏估计unbounded无界的uncertainty不定性unconditional无条件的unequal不等的uniform一致的uniform boundness一致有界uniformly bounded一致有界的uniformly continuous一致连续uniformly convergent一致收敛unilateral单侧的union并，并集unit单位unit circle单位圆unitary matrix酉矩阵universal泛的，通用的upper bound上界unrounded不舍入的unstable不稳定的valuation赋值value值variation变分，变差variety簇vector向量vector bundle向量丛vertex顶点vertical angle对顶角volume体积，容积wave波wave form波形wave function波函数wave equation波动方程

weak convergenceweak derivativesweightwell-orderedwell-posedzerozero divisorzeroszone弱收敛弱导数权重，重量良序的适定的零零因子零点域，带