2024年3月18日发(作者：上海数学试卷及答案)
非谓语动词
在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成
分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词,是动词的
非谓语形式。动词一般在句子中充当谓
语.非谓语动词在句中可起名词,形容词,
副词的作用,在句中充当主语,宾语,表语,
补语,定语或状语.即动词的非谓语形式
除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的
任何成分。3种形式：不定式，分词（现
在分词、过去分词），动名词
1．非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有：
（1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，
例如：
They built a garden.
They suggested building a garden.
（2）都可以被状语修饰：
The suit fits him very well.
The suit used to fit him very well.
（3）都有主动与被动, “体”式（一般式；
进行式；完成式）的变化。例如：
He was punished by his parents.
（谓语动词被动语态）
He avoided being punished by his
parents.（动名词的被动式）
We have written the composition.
（谓语动词的完成时）
Having written the composition, we
handed it in.（现在分词的完成式）
（4）都可以有逻辑主语
They started the work at once.（谓语
动词的逻辑主语）
The boss ordered them to start the
work.（动词不定式的逻辑主语）
We are League members.（谓语动词
的主语）
We being League member, the work
was well done.（现在分词的逻辑主语）
2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有：
（1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动
词不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾
语、表语。
（2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如
动词不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表
语或宾语补足语。
（3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动
词不定式和分词），在句中作状语。
（4）谓语动词在句中作谓语，受主语的
人称和数的限制；非谓语动词在句中不
能单独作谓语，它不受主语的人称和数
的限制。
不定式
不定式可能有六种不同的结构形式。
四种时态 主动 被动
一般式 To write To be written
进行式 To be writing 一般不用
完成式 To have To have been
written written
完成进行式 To have been 一般不用
writing
不定式做主语
不定式做主语通常有两种情况：
1.不定式to do直接放在句首做主语
只有在特殊的情况下，比如两个不定式
构成对比关系时，才会用这种方式。如：
To err is man; to forgive, divine.
犯错人皆难免，宽恕则属超凡。
To love for the sake of being loved is
human; but to love for the sake of loving is
angelic.
因为被爱而爱，是人之常情；因为爱而
爱，则难能可贵。（超凡脱俗）
2.把不定式to do放在句末，而在句首用
形式主语it来指代句末的不定式。
1）“it is +形容词+to do”结构
It’s better to love someone you can’t have
than to have someone you can’t love.
与其拥有一个你不爱的人，倒不如爱一
个你无法拥有的人。
As Mark Twain said, it is better to deserve
an honor and not have it than to have it
and not deserve it，because dignity is not in
possessing but deserving. It is better to
lose honorably than to succeed with
dishonesty. Losing honorably may signify
lack of preparation gut dishonest winning
signifies lack of character.
就像马克吐温所说的，赢得某种荣誉而
并未获得它，比获得了荣誉却并不配拥
有它好， 因为高贵不在于拥有而在于应
得。优雅地失败胜于可耻地胜利。优雅
的失败意味着准备得不充分，而可耻的
胜利则表明丧失了人格。
分析下列句子：
It is easy for the growing number of
“China watchers” through the world,
enthralled（迷惑，着迷） by the rapid
emergence of a front-ranking economic
power setting new development records
with each passing year, to over look the
fact that the past half-century has been an
unusual difficult time in which to perform
such feats（功绩）.
分析：句子的主干结构为：
It is easy for sb. to overlook sth.
Sb.为for the growing number of “China
watchers” through the world, enthralled by
the rapid emergence of a front-ranking
economic power setting new development
records with each passing year。
Sth. 为the fact that the past half-century
has been an unusual difficult time in which
to perform such feats.
译文：
有越来越多的来自世界各地的“中国观
察家们”，因为看到中国快速地成为了经
济强国，其经济排名一直靠前，并且每
年都在经济发展的领域创造新纪录，他
们为此感到着迷，所以他们很容易忽略
这样一个事实：在过去的半个世纪里能
够取得如此巨大的成就是非常不容易
的。
注意：
1) 在“it is +形容词+to do”结构中，it
不能用this或that代替。如：
This is impossible for people to stare
directly at the sun (wrong)
2) “it is +形容词+to do”结构并不是不
定式做主语的唯一结构，如：
It takes time and effort to master English.
It is my duty to help you with your
English.
3) 判断下列句子的对错：
We are impossible to master English in a
short time.
It is impossible for us to master English in
a short time.
不定式做宾语（动词+to do）
不定式做宾语一般有三种可能的结构：
1. “动词+to do”
2. “动词+疑问词+to do”
3. “动词+it+宾语补足语+to do”
结构一：“动词+to do”
不定式可以直接跟在一个及物动词后面
做宾语，这时句子有以下两个特点：
1. 句子的主语和不定式的逻辑主语是一
致的，既两个动词所表示的动作都是
有全句的主语发出的。
2. 这时句子的谓语多是描写态度，不定
式的动词则说明行为。
I hope to see you again.
This company refused to cooperate with
us.
Why should anyone bother____his
treasure to help a stranger?
A. risking to lose
B. to risk losing.
C. risking losing
D. to risk to lose.
答案为B。bother to do. Risk doing.
英语中常需要接不定式做宾语的动词
有：
Afford， agree， appear，arrange，ask,
attempt, begin, bother, care, choose,
consent, dare, decide, determine, expect,
fail, forget, happen, hate, help, hesitate,
hope, intend, learn, love, manage, mean,
neglect, offer, prefer, prepare, pretend,
promise, propose, refuse, remember, seem,
start, swear, trouble, try, want, wish.
结构二“动词+疑问词+to do”
在一些动词后，可以在连接代词（what，
who, which）或连接副词(how, when,
where)及连词whether 后面接一个带to
的不定式，我们可以将这种结构看成是
连接词引导的宾语从句的简略形式，事
实上，这些连词都是有相应的疑问词转
化而来的，其中whether对应于一般疑问
句。如：
I wonder who to invite.= who I should
invite.
I don’t know whether to answer his letter.
Show us what to do. =what we must do.
This book teaches you how to acquire new
habits that can help you.
类似的动词（短语）还有：
Ask, consider, decide, discover, explain,
forget, find out, guess, imagine, know,
learn, observer, remember, see, tell， teach,
think, understand, wonder.
结构三: “动词+it+宾语补足语+to do”
在“谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语”这样
的结构中，如果宾语由一个不定式充当，
此时的不定式不能直接放在谓语动词后
面，而需要这样的结构：“动词+it+宾语
补足语+to do”。如：
I think it hard to answer the question in
one go.
He feels it challenging to be a marketing
supervisor. 他认为担任市场总监很具有
挑战性。
再看一个句子：
The computer makes possible a marvelous
leap in human proficiency.
能看出上面两组句子的区别吗？
结论
被后置的宾语如果是不定式，则需要it
作形式宾语，如果被后置的宾语是名词
短语则不需要it作形式宾语。再看：
The development of steel nibs(笔尖)
makes it possible to develop pens.
The development of steel nibs makes
possible the development of pens.
请看下面的例子：
The development of steels nibs makes it
possible that people can develop pens.
Many people consider impossible what
really is possible.
能看出上面两组句子的区别吗？
结论：
在“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构中，当
变成“动词+宾语补足语+宾语”结构时，
如果宾语是不定式或that引导的从句，
则需要形式宾语it，如果哦是名词短语
或what引导的从句，则不需要形式宾语
it。
分析下列句子：
This calls into question all of our cultural
assumptions that gay men are feminine.
分析：call的宾语是名词短语all of our
cultural assumptions that gay men are
feminine. 介词短语into question作宾补。
所以call后面不需要形式宾语it。
在我们的文化中，人们一般认为男性同
性恋者都比较女性化。这一点就令人们
对此提出了质疑。
分析并翻译下列句子：
Thus, the anthropological（人类学）
concept of “culture”, like the concept of
“set” （“集”的概念）in mathematics, is an
abstract concept which makes possible
immense amounts of concrete research and
understanding.
(03年考研题)
Thus, the anthropological concept of
“culture”, like the concept of “set” in
mathematics, is an abstract concept which
makes possible immense amounts of
concrete research and understanding.
因此，人类学中的“文化”概念就像数
学中的“集”的概念一样，是一个抽象
的概念，它使大量的具体研究和认识成
为可能。
翻译句子：
There are those who consider it
questionable that these defense-linked
research projects will account for（说明）
an improvement in the standard of living
or, alternately, do much to protect our
diminishing resources.
翻译：
这些与防御有关的研究项目能不能说明
生活水平的提高，或者说能不能有利于
保护我们日益减少的资源，有人对此是
持怀疑态度的。
不定式作用三：作宾语补足语（动词+宾
语+to do）
Allow me to drink to your success!
They don’t allow people to smoke in the
theater.
The chairman declared the meeting to be
over.
Then our sense of timidity can cause us to
hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a
step until we know the ground is safe.
能用于此结构的动词有：
Advice, allow, ask, beg, believe, cause,
command, challenge, compel, declaer,
encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, hate,
have, help, instruct, intend, invite, judge,
leave, let, like, mean, make, need, oblige,
order, permit, persuade, prefer, press,
recommend, request, remind, teach, tell,
tempt, trouble, want, warn, wish(hope不
行)，urge等。
这样的短语有：call on（请求）, care for
（关心）, count on（依靠，指望）, depend
on（依赖、依靠）, keep on at（困扰，追
问）, long for（渴望）, make out（分辨）,
vote for（选举）, prevail on（说服）, rely
on（信赖）, wait for（等待）。
在let, make, have, see, hear, feel, watch,
notice, listen to等动词（短语）后面的不
定式做宾补的句子中，to要省略。
不定式的作用四：做定语（名词+to do）
因为不定式是to do结构，为一短语形式，
而短语作名词的定语都要后置，因此，
不定式作定语都要放在被修饰名词的后
面。(名词后面的不定式，大多是定语)
对于做定语的不定式，关键是要搞清楚
它与其前面修饰的名词之间的逻辑语义
关系，才能理解和翻译句子。
请翻译：
He is the best man to choose.
分析：这句话是有歧义的，因为man与
to choose的逻辑关系不确定。
理解1：二者的关系为主语关系，既被修
饰的名词作不定式动词逻辑意义上的主
语。He is the best man to do the choosing.
或He is the best man to make the choice.
由他来选择。
理解2: 理解为宾语关系。既被修饰的名
词作不定式动词逻辑意义上的宾语。相
当于：He is the best man that we can
choose. 或He is the best man for us to
choose. He is the best man to be chosen by
us. 别人选择他。
译文：
1. 由他来做出选择是最好的。
2. 他是最佳人选。
宾语关系
所谓宾语关系，就是指被修饰的名词在
逻辑意义上充当不定式的宾语，若进一
步细分，又可以分为两种情况：一是做
不定式中的动词的宾语， 二是做不定式
中的介词宾语。请看例句：
1) I have a letter to write.
2) I need a pen to write.
3) I need some paper to write.
分析：
第二句和第三句是错的，因为pen 和
write之间需要一个介词，才能表达出它
们之间的逻辑关系。改为
I need a pen to write with. （工具关系：
write with a pen）
I need some paper to write on. （地点关系:
write on a paper）
这里名词pen和paper分别作不定式中的
介词的宾语。
一、作不定式中的动词的宾语
此时，不定式中的动词应该是一个及物
动词，而且不带宾语，他的宾语由前面
被修饰的名词来充当。如：
We had a long journey to make before
nightfall.
分析：此时的名词短语a long journey to
make before nightfall相当于a long
journey that we will make before nightfall.
不定式短语to make before nightfall的逻
辑宾语是journey, 即被修饰的名词与不
定式之间是动宾关系。
I gave the kid a comic to read.
I gave the kid a comic to read it. (wrong)
二、作不定式中的介词的宾语
此时的介词可以分为两种情况：有的介
词是与动词搭配的，有的介词是与别修
饰的名词搭配的。 与动词构成语义搭配
如：
She has four children to take care of.
Children 作介词of的宾语，也可以说是
动词短语take care of的宾语。
I have no place to live in.
They say a person needs just three things
to be truly happy in this world---someone
to love, something to do and something to
hope for.
分析：三个名词短语someone to love,
something to do and something to hope for
分别相当于someone that he can love,
something that he can do和something that
he can hope for. 不定式to love, to do, to
hope for的逻辑宾语分别是someone,
something 和something， 被修饰的名词
和不定式之间存在动宾关系。 前两个
someone和something分别直接作不定式
中的动词love和do的宾语，后一个
something是作介词for的宾语，为什么
这里非要加一个for呢？因为hope后面
一般要接that引导的从句，hope that…如
果不接从句而是接名词短语的话，必须
说hope for sth.
分析：
You just regard me as a thing, an object to
look at, to use, to touch, but not to listen to
or to take seriously.
你只是把我当作一件东西，一件任你看，
任你用，任你抚摸的东西，但就是不听
我的话，不认真对待我。
介词与别修饰的名词构成语义搭配：
分析下列两句话：
1. Why don’t you get a backpack to carry
your books?
2. I need to buy an outfit for the gym to
exercise.
Why don’t you get a backpack to carry
your books in?
In 与被修饰的名词backpack构成搭配in
the backpack.
I need to buy an outfit for the gym to
exercise in.
我需要买一套运动装在健身房里穿。In
the gym.
According to Chinese tradition of the
Water splashing Festival, the more water
you pour over someone the more luck you
give them, so we gave each a good few
hours of hair soaking and eye-reddening
luck to remember each other.
分析：句末介词by把不定式 to remember
each other和名词luck 联系起来，构成
语义关系，相当于to remember each other
by this luck. 表示“借泼水的祝福，希望
大家能够记住彼此”
译文：根据中国泼水节的传统，往别人
身上泼的水越多，给他的祝福也就越多。
因此，我们当时为对方泼水祝福了好几
个小时，大家的头发都湿淋淋的，眼睛
也变红了，希望能够借此记住彼此。
改错：
If I were abroad, I’d travel around the
country as much as I could and try to find
as many people as possible, not only to
practice the language but to have
discussion, and I’d hope to make some real
friends.
If I were abroad, I’d travel around the
country as much as I could and try to find
as many people as possible, not only to
practice the language on but to have
discussion with, and I’d hope to make
some real friends.
分析：两个并列的不定式短语to practice
the language on和to have discussions
with作定语，后置修饰people, 介词on
和with的宾语都是people，相当于说
practice the language on people 和have
discussion with people.
译文：我要是出国，会尽量广泛地周游
这个国家，设法尽可能多地结识一些人，
不仅以他们作为语言实践的对象，而且
要和他们讨论问题。我希望结识一些真
正的朋友。
翻译：
没有语伴与我一起练习英语。
I have no language partner to practice
speaking English.
其实，此句应该在句末添加介词with,
I have no language partner to practice
speaking English with.
主语关系
所谓主语关系，是指被修饰的名词在逻
辑意义上充当不定式中动词的主语。
The man to help you is Mr. Johnson.
分析：名词短语the man to help you相当
于the man who can help you.不定式to
help的逻辑主语是man.
Have you got a key to unlock this door?
值得注意的是，在这种具有主语关系的
不定式结构中，被修饰的名词前还通常
会有only, last, next, 序数词，最高级形
容词等修饰成分。如：
I don’t think he is the best man to do the
job.
The next train to arrive is from New York.
Clint was the second person to fall into
this trap.
He was the only person to survive the air
crash.
同位语关系
所谓同位语关系，是指不定式短语的内
容是对被修饰的名词作进一步说明，因
此不定式短语和名词之间构成同为说明
关系。如：
The need to love and to be loved seems
universal. Maybe this is one trait that
separates human beings from other
animals.
当然不是所有的名词与不定式连用都能
够表示同位语关系。这样的名词仅限两
类：一类是与动词相关的名词，一类是
与形容词相关的名词。
所谓与动词相关的名词，是指那些要求
与不定式连用的名词，它们的名词形式
也要接不定式，常见的这样的名词有：
arrangement, attempt, claim, decision,
hope, determination, failure, need, plan,
promise refusal, resolution, tendency,
threat, wish 等。请比较：
He refused to co-operate with us.
His refusal to co-operate makes us angry.
I don’t wish to change.
I have no wish to change. (to change 为
wish的同位语)
She was reluctant to accept his invitation.
Her reluctance to accept his invitation
upset him.
改错：
According to Darwin, random changes that
enhance s specie’s ability for surviving are
naturally selected and passed on to
succeeding generation.
将for surviving 改为to survive
A decision buying or selling stock by one
or a few of these large companies may
have a very important effect on the market
as a whole.
将buying or selling改为to buy or sell.
状语关系
所谓状语关系，就是指被修饰的名词在
逻辑意义上充当不定式中动词的状语，
比如可以表示不定式动作的方式，时间
或地点等，即分别构成方式状语，时间
状语或地点状语。
一、方式状语关系
表示方式状语关系时，被修饰的名词往
往是way.
Role playing is a safe and enjoyable way
to learn English.
There are two basic ways to see growth:
one as a product, the other as a process.
In this process, the journey never really
ends; there are always ways to experience
the world, new ideas to try, new challenges
to accept.
二、时间状语关系
The time to go is July. 应该在七月份去。
分析：整个句子可以改写为：The time at
which you should go is July.因此，被修饰
的明天time在逻辑语义上相当于不定式
to go的时间状语。
三、地点状语关系
表示地点状语关系时， 被修饰的名词往
往是表示地点的名词，如place等。如：
A good place to eat is the restaurant
around the corner.
补语关系
所谓补语关系，是指被修饰的名词在逻
辑意义上充当不定式中动词的逻辑主语
的补语。如：
The thing (for you) to be these days is a
gold-collar.
分析：此句可以改写为：The thing that
you should try to be these days is a
gold-collar. 这里被修饰的名词thing在
be后面做表语，但实际上是补充说明句
子主语you的，即补足语。
译文：
在现代这个社会，你一定要努力成为一
个金领人士。
练习：
1. Their little bit of land doesn’t provide
enough food to____(live)
2. I got out some more chairs for the other
guests _____(sit)
3. Air pollution has been greatly reduced,
so this city is still a good place
to______(live)
Keys:
1. live on 2. to sit on 3. to live in
判断下列句子中不定式与被修饰名词之
间的逻辑语义关系，并翻译。
1. He is not a man to act carelessly.
2. I need a box to hold my chessmen.
Keys:
1. 主谓关系。A man who acts carelessly.
他不是一个做事马虎的人。
2. 主谓关系。A box which can hold my
chessmen.我需要一个能装棋子的盒
子。
不定式的作用（五）：形容词+to do
现在，我们讨论用在形容词后的不定式。
用在名词后面的不定式是充当名词的后
置定语的，而用在形容词后的不定式具
体充当何种成分是不一定的。此时的关
键是要搞清楚不定式的逻辑语义关系。
这里提到的逻辑语义关系并不是形容词
与to do之间的关系，而是句子的主语和
to do 之间的关系。
一、宾语关系（一）：he is interesting to
listen to.
怎样理解句子：
He is interesting to listen to.
他对听别人讲话很感兴趣。
这种理解是错误的，因为形容词用的是
interesting，那么就是他能够引起别人的
兴趣。这句话应该理解为：听他讲话很
有意思。句子的深层结构为：
It is interesting to listen to him./ To listen
to him is interesting.
也就是说，在表层结构中，he是作句子
的主语，但在深层结构中he是作listen
to 的逻辑宾语（listen to him）,而句子的
真正主语是to listen to him 这件事，而不
是he这个人。
请翻译
He is easy to fool.
分析：句子的深层结构为：It is easy to
fool him. / To fool him is easy.
译为：他很容易受骗。
He is difficult to understand.
=It is difficult to understand him.
=To understand him is difficult.
翻译：我们很难一夜之间把英语学好。
不能译成：We are difficult to learn
English well overnight.
可以译为：
For us to learn English well overnight is
difficult.
It is difficult for us to learn English well
overnight.
She is very nice to talk to.
=It is very nice to talk to her.
=To talk to her is very nice.
Mary is easy to get on with.
=It is easy to get on well with Mary.
=To get on well with Mary is easy.
再看看以“事物”作主语的例子。
English is difficult to speak.
=It is difficult to speak English.
=To speak English is difficult.
虽然说这里的形容词修饰“事物”的可
接受性远比修饰人要大，但它们还是侧
重与强调“事情”或“活动”的性质特
征，而不是“事物”。如：
1. English is difficult to speak.
2. English is difficult.
两句的语义有一定联系，但不是完全一
样的。句1更具体。比如我们可以说：
English is difficult to speak, but it is not
hard to read.
在某些情况下，有无不定式，两者的意
思可能没有必然的联系。如：
1. The bread is hard to bake.
2. The bread is hard.
再看一些例句：
Relativity theory isn’t easy to understand.
Football is very interesting to watch.
The opening ceremony was exciting to
watch.
The car isn’t safe to drive.
总结：
该句型结构的特点是：
1. 句子的表层结构与深层结构
从表层结构开看，通常是“人”或“事
物”作主语，但在句子的深层结构中，
是一个“事件”或“活动”充当真正意
义上的主语，从逻辑语义来看，句子的
主语充当不定式的逻辑宾语。
2. 句型变换特点
这类句子可以有表层结构到深层结构进
行句型变换。To fool him is easy. It is easy
to fool him.
3. 形容词特点
这个句型中的形容词侧重于强调“事情、
活动”的性质特征，而不是强调“人”
的性质特征。这个句型中的形容词有的
无法修饰“人”，如easy, 有的可以修饰
人，但单独使用的形容词的含义与带不
定式的形容词的含义会有差别，如
difficult, 这样的形容词常见的有：
agreeable, awful, comfortable, convenient,
dangerous, delightful, difficult,
disagreeable, dreadful, easy, hard, horrible,
impossible, lovely, marvelous, safe, unsafe,
splendid, strange, terrible, wonderful等，
以及下列动词的现在分词：alarm, amaze,
amuse, annoy, astonish, bewilder, bore,
depress, disappoint, discourage, disgust,
embarrass, encourage, excite, frighten,
horrify, interest, surprise, terrify, upset.
4. 动词特点
主要有两种情况：第一是及物动词且不
带宾语。因为，此时句子的主语要充当
不定式动词的逻辑宾语，因此不定式动
词一定要是个及物动词且其后没有宾
语。第二，若是不及物动词，则必须添
加适当的介词。
在使用这个句型时有三点要注意：
1. 不定式一般不用被动态
它容易被骗。
我们说：He is easy to fool. 而不说：He is
easy to be fooled.
同样，我们不能说：
English is difficult to be spoken.
Football is interesting to be watched.
2. 不定式后面不能再加宾语。如不能说：
He is easy to fool him.
Football is very interesting to watch it.
3. 有时需要在不定式中添加适当的介
词。
这是针对不及物动词来说的。因为此时
若没有介词，句子的主语就被架空了，
无法回到句末作宾语。如不能说：
She is interesting to listen.
She is easy to get on.
宾语关系（二）：The book is interesting to
buy
请看这样的句子：
The food is ready to eat.
The water is warm to swim in.
The dorm is too noisy to study in.
和前面讨论过的一样，这些句子的主语
同样是在不定式短语中作宾语，但二者
存在重大差别。
一、结构上不同，不能进行句式变换。
如上面三句不能这么改写：
It is interesting to buy the book.
It is ready to eat the food.
It is warm to swim in the water.
It is too noisy to study in the dorm.
为什么这些句子不能像前面那样进行改
写呢？由此，我们推出二者的第二点不
同。
二、形容词的特点不同
在宾语关系（一）所示句型中的形容词
主要用来描写“事件event”的性质特点，
二这里的句型中的形容词只表示“事物
things”的性质特点。请比较：
1. The book is interesting to buy.
2. The book is interesting to read.
分析：例句一是说书有趣，而不是买书
这件事有趣，我们可以改写成：The book
is interesting enough to buy. / The book is
so interesting that you can buy it. 例句二
的实际含义是 To read the book is
interesting.
再比如：
The tea is too hot to drink.
The air is frosty to breathe.
三、在宾语关系（一）中讨论的不定式
短语一般不能省略，或省去后句子的意
思会发生变化，而这里的不定式短语可
以省去而不改变句子的核心意思。
The food is ready.=The food is ready to
eat.
The tea is too hot.=The tea is too hot to
drink.
The air is frosty.= The air is frosty to
breathe.
如果形容词既可以描述一件事物，又可
以描述一个事件，那么就很难判断它到
底属于哪一类。如：
The bed is comfortable to sleep in.
= It is comfortable to sleep in the bed.
= To sleep in the bed is comfortable.
= The bed is comfortable.
以上两个部分讨论了“句子的主语在不
定式中作宾语”的情形，此时不定式的
逻辑主语并没有具体给出，如He is easy
to fool. 并没有说明“ fool这个动作是由
谁发出来的”， 下面我们来讨论“句子
的主语在不定式中作主语”的情况。
主语关系(一)：He is kind to help us.
He is kind to help us.
= It is kind of him to help us.
=He is so kind as to help us.
=How kind of him to help us!
You are foolish to spend so much time.
=It is foolish of you to spend so much.
= You are so foolish as to spend so much.
= How foolish of you to spend so much!
He was wrong to tell lies.
= It was wrong of him to tell lies.
= He was so wrong as to tell lies.
= How wrong of him to tell lies!
在这样的句型中，形容词通常是表示评
价人的行为的形容词，具体来说是表示
人的性格特征或行为表现的形容词，如：
brave, careful, careless, considerate,
cowardly, crazy, cruel, generous, good,
greedy, kind, nice(=kind),mad, mean(卑鄙
的，吝啬的)， modest, rude, selfish
thoughtful, wrong等，或者是表示人的智
能方面的形容词， 如：clever, foolish,
intelligent, sensible, wise, silly, stupid等。
这类形容词与宾语关系（一）中的形容
词的重要区别是：前者强调“人”的特
点，后者强调“事件”的特点，而且在
用It is …to do 句型改写时，前者是“of+
人”，后者是“for+人”。请比较：
1. It is kind of him to help us.
2. It is easy for you to fool him.
主语关系（二）He is glad to help us.
He is glad to help us.
在这个句子中he既是is glad的主语，也
是to help us的主语。当然我们还可以通
过for来单独引出不定式自己的逻辑主
语， 来与句子的主语相区别。 如：
1. She is anxious to win the competition.
2. She is anxious for her daughter to win
the competition.
我们现在比较它与“主语关系（一）”中
的形容词有什么不同。
He is kind to help us.
He is glad to help us.
分析：例句一中，kind是别人对he的评
价，而不是描写he本身的性质特征。例
句二中，glad不是别人对he的评价，而
是he本身的性质特征，或者说是he对
to help us 这件事情的态度或情感。再如：
I am sorry to hear that.
I was excited to be there.
He was most reluctant to lend us the
money.
在这种句型中，形容词表示人对某件事
的态度或情感。常常是过去分词转化来
的形容词（“宾语关系（一）”中是现在
分词）如：afraid, angry, anxious, ashamed,
content, curious, determined, desperate,
eager, frightened, furious, glad, happy,
impatient, indignant, jubilant, keen,
reluctant, thankful等，过去分词有：
annoyed, astonished, bored, concerned,
delighted, depressed, disappoint, disgusted,
dissatisfied, embarrassed, fascinated,
frightened, interested, overjoyed,
overwhelmed, perturbed, prepared,
puzzled, relived, reluctant, surprised,
willing, unwilling, worried等。
这些形容词是表示感情的，其后的不定
式短语表示产生这些感情的原因。因此
这些不定式也可以看作是充当原因状
语。
与“宾语关系（一）”比较
“宾语关系（一）”中的形容词强调外界
对“事情”的评价，而这里的形容词强
调“人”自身对某件事产生的态度或情
感。请比较：
1. He is easy to please.
2. He is eager to please.
分析：句1中please是个及物动词，相
当于To please him is easy. 这是外界对
“取悦他”这件事的评价---容易做到。
句2中please是个不及物动词，he是
please的逻辑主语，表示he自身对“取
悦别人”的态度---eager.
译文：1. 别人取悦他很容易。/ 他很容
易就被逗开心了。
2. 他热切地想取悦别人。/ 他很
喜欢逗别人开心。
再比如：
1. He is easy to fool.
2. He is afraid to be fooled.
译文：
1. 他很容易被骗。
2. 他很害怕被骗。
比较二：与主语关系（一）比较
关键在于形容词的语义特点不同，主语
关系（一）中的形容词是外界对主语行
为的评价，而这里的形容词是主语自身
的感受或态度。
1. He is kind to help us.
2. He is glad to help us.
主语关系（三）：He is slow to react.
这里的形容词既不像主语关系（一）中
的那样表示评价“人”的行为，也不像
主语关系（二）中那样表示“人”的感
情，而是在逻辑语义上说明不定式动作
的特点，因而可以把形容词变为副词来
直接修饰动词，相当于方式状语。如：
1. He is slow to react.
= He reacts slowly.
2. He is quick to make a decision.
=He makes a decision quickly.
这一类形容词不多，slow, quick, prompt
等表示“迅速”“缓慢”的词比较多见。
A: Is my wish to become a scientist
possible____?
B: Yes, your wish is sure ____.
A. to realize, to realize
B. to be realized, to be realized
C. to realize, to be realized
D. to be realized, to realize
分析：
在A的话语中， possible是表示对“事
件”的评价，属于宾语关系（一）类型，
所以要用主动的不定式to realize. 把这
句话还原成陈述句就是:
My wish to become a scientist is possible
to realize.
=It is possible to realize my wish to
become a scientist.
=to realize my wish to become a scientist
is possible.
在B的话语中，sure是表明说话人对某
件事的态度的，即是主语关系（二）类
型，我们讨论过He is afraid to be fooled.
现在，我们把这句话变成一个填空题：
He is afraid____(fool). 因为fool是一个
及物动词，若填入to fool， 则fool后面
必须接宾语，如：He is afraid to fool his
girlfriend. 现在没有宾语，所以只能填入
被动的不定式to be fooled， 表示“他害
怕自己被骗”。
同样的道理，your wish和realize是被动
关系，所以要用to be realized, 相当于I
am sure that your wish will be realized.
以上讨论的这些不同的句型与形容词的
语义密切相关，现总结如下：
1. 在宾语关系（一）中，形容词是对事
件，活动的评价。
He is interesting to listen to.
He is easy to fool.
He is easy to please.
2. 在宾语关系（二）中，形容词是事物
的评价。
The food is ready to eat.
The tea is hot to drink.
3. 在主语关系（一）中，形容词是对人
的行为进行评价。
He is kind to help us.
He was wrong to tell lies.
3. 在主语关系（二）中，形容词不是评
价，而是说明人的情感，即句子的主
语，某人自身对外界事件的情感或态
度。
He is glad to help us.
He is afraid to be fooled.
He is eager to please.
4. 在主语关系（三）中，形容词在逻辑
语义上说明不定式动作的特点。
He is slow to react.
练习：
判断下列句子的正误， 并改正错误：
1. We are difficult to learn English well
overnight.
1. It is difficult for us to learn English well
overnight.
2. The process of personal growth is much
more difficult to be determined.
The process of personal growth is
more difficult to determine.
3. She is very nice to talk.
She is very nice to talk to.
much
4. Football is interesting to be watched.
Football is interesting to watch.
5. Football is very interesting to watch it.
Football is very interesting to watch.
6. She is interesting to listen.
She is interesting to listen to.
7. The water is warm to swim.
The water is warm to swim in.
8. The money is enough for you to buy
books.
The money is enough for you to buy books
with.
9. It is inconsiderate for him not to write a
thank-note to his host.
It is inconsiderate of him not to write a
thank-note to his host.
10. It is easy of you to fool him.
It is easy for you to fool him.
11. She is anxious of her daughter to win
the competition.
She is anxious for her daughter to win the
competition.
12. It is glad of him to help us.
He is glad to help us.
13. He is kind for her to help us.
He is willing for her to help us.
不定式的作用（六）：用作表语。
（1）The duties of a postman are to deliver
letters and newspapers. 邮递员的任务就
是投递信与报纸。
（2）My chief purpose has been to point
out the difficulties of the matter. 我的主
要意图是指出这个问题的困难所在。
（3）The important thing is to save lives.
救人要紧。
不定式的作用（七）：作状语
不定式最主要的状语功能就是表示目
的，除此之外，不定式作状语还可以表
示结果，条件以及原因。因此，不定式
主要可以充当目的状语、结果状语、条
件状语和原因状语。
一、目的状语
1.我们可以把to do结构放在句末，表示
句中某个动作的目的。
Hating people is like burning down your
own house to get rid of a rat.
I’d climb the highest mountain, just to see
you smile. I’d swim the ocean, just to hold
your hand. I’d run a million miles, just to
be with you forever.
我愿意翻越最高的山脉，就是为了目睹
你的微笑；我愿意横渡海洋，就是为了
与你牵手；我愿意跨越万里，就是为了
与你共度此生。
2. 若要强调目的状语，我们可以把to do
提至句首。如：
1) To acquire knowledge, one must study;
but to acquire wisdom, one must
observe.
2) Don’t avoid the problem. To succeed,
you have to tackle your difficulties.
3. 我们可以用in order to或so as to do 来
强调目的状语。
1）We had better start early so as to catch
the train.
2）I went to the post office in order to
mail a letter.
4. 作目的状语的不定式，其逻辑主语往
往需要与句子的主语一致。如:
1) To be happy, we must not be too
concerned with others.
2) Don’t avoid the problem. To succeed,
you have to tackle your difficulties.
下面两句不规范，我们要避免使用：
1）To study English well, a lot of
practices are needed.
2）A lot of practices are needed to study
English well.
分析：尽管在汉语中, “要学好英语，大
量的练习是必要的”能讲通，但在英语
中，以上两句话因为a lot of practices 不
能作to study的逻辑主语而使得句子不
规范，这两句话可以改为：
1） To study English well, you need a lot
of practices.
2） A lot of practices are needed for you
to study English well.
再比如：
For any adhesive to make a really strong
bond, the surfaces to be glued must be
absolutely clean and free from moisture or
grease.
对于任何粘合剂，要想粘得牢固的话，
被粘的表面必须绝对清洁且不能潮湿或
有油渍。
分析：句子的主语是the surfaces, 但它不
能充当不定式to make a really strong
bond的逻辑主语，所以只好借助for另
外引出any adhesive来充当目的状语to
make a really strong bond的逻辑主语。
5. 不定式充当目的状语是，他的否定形
式要用in order not to或so as not to,
二不能单独使用not to. 如：
We’d better start early, in order not to miss
the train.
We’d better start early, not to miss the train.
(wrong)
结果状语
不定式作目的状语之外的其它状语都仅
限于一些特定的结构中。
1. 在特殊的句子中不定式to do可以
直接在句中作结果状语。如
He lived to see the Second World War.
What have I done to offend you?
我做什么得罪你了？
John left his hometown ten years ago,
never to return.
2. only to do结构
我们常用only to do 引出意想不到或
不愉快的结果，表示说话人不希望它
发生，因此，这个结构具有消极的含
义。如：
We hurried to the railway station, only
to find the train had just left.
All too often, women complain that
they’re educated as equals, only to go out
into the workforce to be treated as
inferiors.
女人们往往抱怨说，他们和男人接受同
样的教育， 结果在职场上却被认为低人
一等。
3. so …as to do/ such as to do结构
so as to do可以作目的状语，但分开写
的so…as to do却是表结果的。
Her story is so sad as to arouse our
sympathy.
=Her story is such as to arouse our
sympathy.
He is so indifferent as to make everyone
despair.
=His indifference is such as to make
everyone despair.
此外，such可以接不定冠词然后修饰
名词。如：
She had such a good friend as to help
her when she was in trouble.
4. …enough to do 结构
The opening is big enough for the hand
to slide in, but too small for the fist to
come out.
5. too…to do结构
这个句型在使用过程中要注意：
1）在too的后面接一些特殊的形容
词，如ready（乐意的），anxious,
eager, willing时，这个句型表示肯
定的意思，相当于说非常想，急于
等意思。
You are too ready to find faults with
other people.
你也太爱找别人的茬了。
I’m just too eager to help you.
我非常乐意帮助你。
2）当too前面有only, all, but, really修
饰时， 这个结构也表示肯定意思。
He would be only too glad to be her
boyfriend, but he knew he couldn’t
match her in family status.
他何尝不想…
I am only too pleased to help you.
我非常乐意帮助你。
3) too…to do有两种否定形式：
A. 在too前面否定，not too…to do，即
否定句子的谓语。表示“不很…所以
能够”
B. 在to前面否定, too…not to do.即否定
不定式。表示“很…所以不会不”。
请看例句：
1．We are never too old to learn.
2．He is too smart not to see your point.
译文：
1. 活到老，学到老。
2. 他很聪明，不会不明白你的意思。
条件状语
当不定式表示条件时，句子的谓语通常
含有助动词，如:will, would, shall, should,
must, can, could等。因为此时不定式前
面的句子相当于一个主句，而不定式短
语相当于一个条件状语从句。如：
The father will be proud for his son to win
the gold medal.
=The father will be proud if his son wins
the gold medal.
One must be out of his mind to do such a
thing.
=One must be out of his mind if he does
such a thing.
既然不定式相当于一个条件状语从句，
那么也可以表示一个虚拟的条件，此时
句子的谓语要用情态动词的过去形式。
如：
I would have been happy to be invited to
the party.
=I would have been happy if I had been
invited to the party.
原因状语
表示产生某种情感的原因，不常用。
They laughed to see the clown.
=They laughed as they saw the clown.
I was delighted to meet him.
= I was delighted as I met him.
He is happy for his daughter to marry a
wealthy man.
=He is happy as his daughter married a
wealthy man.
不定式的作用（七）：独立使用的不定式
一、不定式作独立成分
To begin with, on behalf of all of your
American guests, I wish to thank you for
the incomparable hospitality.
I have a point there, to say the least.
至少可以这么讲，我说的是有道理的。
To make a long story short, he is in
hospital now. 一句话…
二、不定式引导独立的句子
有时，不定式可以引导独立的句子，表
达愿望、担心、惊讶等强烈的感情。常
见的结构有：to think, to imagine, 可以理
解为“你想想…竟有这样的事”。如：
To think she wanted to walk all the way to
the park. 你想想看，她竟然想大老远地
走到公园去。
To imagine even for a minute that I would
do a think like that on purpose.
=I would never do that intentionally.
你想想看，我能故意做出那种事情来
吗？
To spend so much money on something he
didn’t even need.
=he spent money unwisely.
他竟然花那么多钱买了一些自己根本不
需要的东西。
不定式的逻辑主语
一、何为逻辑主语
在英语中，逻辑主语是针对非谓语动词
来说的。既然是动词，就应该有动作的
执行者，即主语。之所以称为逻辑主语
是为了区别于句子结构上的语法主语。
有时句子谓语的主语和非谓语动词的逻
辑主语是一致的，有时并不一致。如：
He was anxious to meet you.
He was anxious for his sister to meet you.
二、不定式逻辑主语的构成(一)：for+名
词或代词+to do
The father will be proud for his son to win
the gold medal.
He was very willing for everyone else to
come.
他很愿意让其他所有人都来。
以上两句中，“for+名词或代词+to do”
结构用在表语形容词后面，此时的不定
式短语相当于一个状语。
It is important for you to go there in
person.
It is very common for him to be absent
without leave.
以上两句中，“for+名词或代词+to do”
结构作主语。
Both Chinese and American parents were
asked what they wanted most for their
children. Chinese parents wanted their
children to be successful, while American
parents expressed a desire for their
children to be happy.
上句中，“for+名词或代词+to do”结构
作定语。
For any adhesive to make a really strong
bond, the surfaces to be glued must be
absolutely clean and free from moisture or
grease.
上句中，“for+名词或代词+to do”结构
作目的状语。
The eye of an animal is quite easy to see.
How then can the eyes be prevented from
spoiling the animal’s blending with its
environment? One solution would be for
the animal to keep its eyes closed when
danger threatens.
上句中，“for+名词或代词+to do”结构
作目的表语。
不定式的逻辑主语的构成（二）：of sb. to
do
在某些特殊情况下，我们要用of来引导
逻辑主语。即用来说明人的性格特征或
行为表现的形容词。如：brave, careful,
careless, clever, cruel, foolish, generous,
kind, modest, nice, polite, rude, selfish,
silly, stupid, thoughtful等。
It is wise of you not to argue with your
boss.
It is generous of him to lend me his car.
It was very careless of him to make such
silly mistakes.
不定式的时态和语态
不定式作为一种动词的变化形式，具有
动词的一般特征，即有时态和语态的变
化。不定式可能有六种不同的结构形式。
四种时态 主动 被动
一般式 To write To be written
进行式 To be writing 一般不用
完成式 To have To have been
written written
完成进行式 To have been 一般不用
writing
一、被动不定式
一般来讲，在句子中若出现了不定式动
作的执行者时， 不定式用主动形式；若
没有执行者，或不定式所修饰的成分是
不定式动作的承受者，则不定式用被动
式。如：
1. He wants someone to take some
photographs.
2. He wants some photographs to be
taken.
3. I have three letters to type today.
4. I want the letters to be typed at once.
下面再看更多的例句：
1. It’s an honor for me to be invited to
address the international conference.
(作主语)
2. She doesn’t like to be treated as a
distinguished guest. （作宾语）
3. He wanted the letter to be delivered at
once. (作宾补)
4. These sheets are to be washed. (作表
语)
5. She was too old to be assigned such
work. (作状语)
6. He was afraid to be fooled. (作状语)
最后注意，to let(出租)和to blame（责
备）这两个短语是固定用法，主动形
式表示被动意思。如：
1. You should be to blame for it.
你应该为此受到责备。
不能说：You should be to be blamed for
it.
2. The house is to let.
不能说：The house is to be let.
双重被动式
所谓双重被动式是指句子的谓语和不
定式都为被动结构。
The book is not allowed to be taken out
of the library.
The construction is reported to have
been completed.
二、完成式
不定式的完成式最主要的含义，是表
示一个发生在谓语动作之前的动作，
其次是表达过去虚拟。
（一）表示在谓语动作之前发生的动
作
I am sorry to bother you, but can you
please send me Nancy’s phone number?
抱歉打扰一下，
I am sorry to have bothered you with so
many questions on such an occasion.
很抱歉，在这个时候还问了你这么多
问题来打扰你。
总结：
如果不定式的动作或状态发生在谓语
动词的动作或状态之前，此时不定式
要用完成式。具体说来，不是所有的
谓语动词后面都接不定式的完成式，
而只有特殊的一小类动词才能接to
have done：态度情感、观点、推断。
表示态度情感的词如I am sorry, I am
happy, I am blessed等，观点类的谓语
动词有say, believe, think等。这些词常
用被动语态is said, is believed, is
thought等，表示推断的动词有seem,
appear等。
1. I am sorry not to have come on
Thursday.
=I am sorry that I didn’t come n
Thursday.
2. I am sorry to keep you waiting.
3. I am sorry to have kept you waiting so
long.
4. We are happy to visit so many historic
places in Beijing.
5. We are happy to have visited so many
historic places in Beijing.
6. Taking afternoon tea is a unique
custom which is said to have started in
th
the early 19 century.
7. Albert Einstein, the great American
scientist, is estimated to have the
incredible intelligence quotients of 200.
8. I seem to have lost some weight.
Look how baggy my pants are.
9. It seems to have rained last night.
10. It seems to rain any time soon.
译文：
1. 很抱歉周四没能来。
2. 对不起，稍等一下。
3. 很抱歉让你久等了。
4. 将要参观那么多北京的名胜古迹，
我们感到很高兴。
5. 在北京参观了那么多名胜古迹，我
们感到很高兴。
6. 喝下午茶是一个非常独特的风俗，
据说起源于19世纪。
7. 据估计，爱因斯坦的智商高达200，
这真是让人难以置信。
8. 我好想瘦了些，你看这裤子我穿着
都松松垮垮的。
9. 昨晚似乎下雨了。
10.似乎很快要下雨了。
（二）表示“非真实的”过去
不定式的完成式放在表示打算，需要
或计划等动词的过去式后面，表示“过
去本打算做但事实上没有实现的动
作”。这些动词有：mean, intend, think,
plan, hope, wish, propose.
1) I meant to have telephoned, but I
forgot.
2) I planed to have visited you
yesterday evening, but I was too
busy.
我们可以用上述动词的过去完成时态表
示虚拟，但此时的不定式不可以完成式
to have done, 而要用一般式to do, 如：
I had intended to see you, but I was busy.
最后，我们还可以用下面这几种结构表
达同样的意思：was/were to have done,
would like to have done, should like to
have done.
I was to have visited you yesterday
evening.
因此，表示“过去想做而实际为完成”
的事情，有下列三种方法：
1. was/were to have done, would like to
have done, should like to have done.
2. intended(meant, designed, hoped,
planned, thought, wished, proposed)+to
have done.
3. had intended(meant, designed, hoped,
planned, thought, wished, proposed)+to
do.
三、进行式：to be doing
用于描写在我们谈论的时间（现在或过
去）正在发生的动作，或者说与谓语的
动作同时发生的动作。这种用法没有被
动结构，较少用。
He pretended to be listening attentively
when the teacher came by.
He happened to be singing in the room
when I cam in this morning.
四、完成进行式：to have been doing.
表示在谓语动作之前已经开始并且一直
在持续进行的某一动作，其含义类似于
一个完成进行时态。这种用法没有被动
结构，较少用。如：
They are said to have been collecting folk
songs in Yunnan.
=It is said that they have been collecting
folk songs in Yunnan.
省去“to”的不定式
1. 在感觉动词（see, hear, watch, notice,
feel, observe）和使役动词(let, make, have)
的宾语补足语中。
The mother makes her son play the violin
three hours a day.
I heard him quarrel with his wife last
night.
2. 在一些特定的句型中
1）在had better, would rather, would
sooner, would just as soon, night as well,
cannot but, cannot choose but, cannot help
but等结构中。
2) 在more than, rather than, other than,
than等结构中。
3）在do nothing/anything/everything but
do结构中。
I have nothing to do but wait.
He will do anything but give in.
4) 在why(not)+do结构中
Why pay to see that movie, sine you can
see it on FV for nothing?
Why not take a holiday?
5)在并列结构中
I’d like to lie down and (to) go to sleep.
Do you want to have lunch now or
(to )wait till later?
6) 在一些固定的动词搭配中
Make do 设法对付
Make believe 假装
Let drop 使…掉下来
Let fly 放飞
Let slip 放走，错失机会
Let go of 松开
Hear say 听说
Leave go of 放走
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