2024年4月11日发(作者:2023年深圳数学试卷)
英汉介词的差异
英语介词(preposition)是虚词,也是重要的一类“功能词”。在语言中其主要用途是
表示词与词之间的语法关系,并形成某些语法结构。英语介词虽然是虚词,但却是组成英
语句子和文章的重要韧带之一,在英语中起着极其重要的作用.能否正确地运用介词,已
被认为是能否真正掌握现代英语的标尺之一。
据英语语言巨著Syntax的作者,美国著名语言学家寇姆(Curme)统计,介词有286
个(包括短语介词),但用得最多的介词是at,by,for,from,in,of,on,to和with。
据说这九个介词的使用占所有介词的92%。单介词“of”在牛津字典里,就有63种不同
的意思。还有人统计,在100句连贯性句子里就用了300个介词。可见,英。
语中介词用得很多,这是英语的又一特点。
现代汉语的介词一般是由动词演变来的,数量远不及英语.
(一)英汉介词的差别主要表现在:
1.汉语介词多数是从动词变来的,因此不少介词具有动词和介词的双重功能:
他在家。(动词)
他在家学习。(介词)
我把门。(动词)
我把门关上了。(介词)
我为谁?为大家。(动词)
为人作嫁。(介词)
我们应该比贡献。(动词)
他比以前胖了。(介词)
兵对兵,将对将。(动词)
他对数学没有兴趣。(介词)
英语虽然有些介词也具有动词和介词的双重性,但不如汉语多。如:
He gets up early every day except Sunday.(介词)
When I say that the boys are lazy,I except you.(动词)
2.英语介词结构能作表语,汉语不能。
They are from the same country.
I thought that to be of great importance.
The houses are of stone.
My efforts were of little avail.
3.英语介词宾语的范围较宽,可以与名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类、短语以及
从句组成介词结构。间或形容词也可以放在介词后面。
This is a birthday gift for my mother.(名词)
His name is fairly well-known to us.(代词)
She went to Tokyo during the summer vacation.(专有名词)
It is our great pleasure to greet a friend from afar.(副词)
It is far from perfect.(satisfactory).(形容词)
The student always pays attention to whatever the teacher is saying.(句子)
We laughed at what he said. (句子)
汉语的介词只能与名词、代词或名词性词组组合为介词结构:
我从去年开始学习德语。(名词)
她对我很亲热。(代词)
我们要对学生负责。(词组)
4.英语介词具有丰富多样的词汇意义,特别是可以表达汉语中常用动词来表达的概念。
汉语的介词,只有引导和介入名词与代词的语法意义。如:
by train 乘火车
against the proposal 反对这项提议
around the centre 围绕中心
before everything 居于首位
off shore 离岸
for principled unity 主张有原则的团结
in the rain 淋着雨
toward the south 朝南
beyond my ability . 超出我的能力
with a cigarette between one\'s lips 嘴上叼着香烟
through the ages 古往今来
0n the wrong track 走错了路子
with a smile 笑了一笑
without a handle 缺了一个把
across the grass 横过草地
“that government of the people,by the people and for the people,…”这是
林肯在葛提斯堡所发表的著名演说中说的。这段文字中,一连用了三个介词of、by、for,
译者把它译为,“民有、民治、民享之政府”,使译文更加明确、简洁。
5.英语介词组合能力很强,可以与动词组合而表示十分丰富的词汇意义。
以put为例:
put in 放进,投入,花费
put into 插入,把……放进
put on 穿上;施加
put off 推迟;劝阻
put across 做成,使人接受
put by 把……放在旁边
put through 完成,使经受
put up to 告知,指点
(二)英汉介词翻译中应该注意的几个问题:
1.注意掌握英语介词的基本含义,即弄清其基本概念。有些介词可以构成短语,表示
地点、时间、原因、方式等等。有些介词只表示一种意思,有些表示许多种意思。不过一
般说来,多数介词首先都表示地点,然后再引申表示其他意思,例如在下面句子中,我们
都可以看出表示地点的意思和其他意思中间的联系:
There is no one in the room.(地点)
She will probably be back in February.(时间)
She left in a hurry.(方式)
He is weak in pronunciation.(方面)
in“在里面”这个基本意思,在“in the army”,“in her evening dress” ,“in one\'s
favour”,“in despair”,“in love”等短语中都或多或少地保存着。
2.英语介词用得极其广泛,意思干变万化,要准确地理解其含义,必须根据上下文加
以判断。
试以介词for为例:
What did you have for breakfast?
你今天早饭吃了什么?
I bought this dictionary for five dollars.
我用五块钱买了这本字典。
I am all for it.
我完全赞成。
He took a plane for Hong Kong.
他乘飞机往香港。
For all your explanations,I understand no better than before.
尽管你作了解释,我还是不懂.
It looks as if we are in for a big storm.
看来我们一定会碰上一场暴风雨。
Now, that you are in for it,you must carry on.
你既然已经做了,就得做下去。
又比如“of”这个介词在英语中用法是很繁多的,可表示“分离”、“免除”以及部分
关系、修饰关系、从属关系、同位关系及动宾关系等。of短语还可以用来表示最高级或与
最高级有关的概念。以下of介词短语在句子中作表语或状语用:
His temper is of the quickest.
他的脾气极其急躁。
His description was of the vaguest.
他的叙述十分含糊。
They、parted the best of friends.
他们分手时成了极好的朋友。
Both appeared to be in the best of health.
两人健康状况都显得极佳。
I have been obliged to content myself through.1ife with saying what I mean in
the plainest of plainest language.
我一生都迫使自己满足于用最明白易懂的语言表达自己的意思。 “of\"短语还可
以用于强调,指最典型的某人或某物。
I am confronted with a difficulty of difficulties.
我面临着最最难解决的困难。
Thackeray was an Englishman of Englishmen,a Londoner of
Londoners.
萨克雷是典型的英国人,而且是典型的伦敦人。
在下面这些句子的of短语中没有最高级的形容词或副词,但却有最高级的含义:
We like your company of all things.
我们最喜欢有你作伴。
(of all things—most;exceedingly)
Today of all days they should not forget.
今天是他们最不该忘记的日子。(of all days=more than any other day)
So said the chairman of the meeting and he of all men ought to know.
会议的主席这么说,他应该是最了解情况的。
3.在掌握介词用法时,要特别注意介词和名词、形容词、副词、动词以及和分词的固
定搭配,否则就弄不清楚句子中词与词之间的关系,甚至造成对原文的错误理解。
某些介词只能和某些动词、形容词、名词或其他词类连用:如:
It doesn\'t depend on me. (动词)
这不取决于我。
He was sure of it.(形容词)
他确定这一点。
I have no objection to that. (名词)
我不反对这个。
由于介词仍有一定的词汇意义,所以,要注意介词和其他词的 搭配。同样的动词,形
容词或名词,如果后面跟的介词不同,意思也往往不同。试比较下面一些句子:
He is 1ooking at a child.
他注视着那小孩。
He is looking for the child.
他在找那小孩。
He is looking after the child.
他在照顾那小孩。
Walt Whitman had a great deal of influence on the writing of later poets.
华特·惠特曼对后来的诗人的作品影响很大。
He was an influence for good.
他是一位有正面(良好)影响的人。
Happiness consists抽contentment
知足常乐。
Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.
水是由氢、氧化合而成的。
Health doe8 not consist with intemperance.
健康与纵欲是不相容的。
I suppose the neighbours will talk about us after we move away.
我想我们搬走以后,邻居们会议论我们的。
注:talk about有“say unkind things about”的意思。
We talked of getting tickets to the new play, but then we changed our
minds.
我们谈过要买票看这个新上演的剧,但后来我们改变了主意。
I talked with Frank yesterday,and he told me what he thought of our plans.
我昨天和弗兰克谈过话,他把他对我们计划的想法告诉我了。
He threw a stone at the dog.
他用石子投掷那只狗。
He threw a ball to me.
他把球抛给我。
He guessed my age.
他猜出我的年龄。
He guessed at my age.
他对我年龄加以推测。
I know nothing of the matter.
我对这件事全不知道。
I know nothing about the matter.
我不知道这件事的内情。
He went across the room.
他在房间里从这一边走到那一边。
He went through the room.
他穿行过房间。
It rained several times during the night.
晚上下了好几次雨。
It has rained for three days.
下了三天的雨了。
It rained all through the night.
整个晚上都在下雨。
The Cabinet wm change within a month.
一个月之内,内阁将要改组。
The newest fighter can fly here in half an hour.
最新型的战斗机三十分钟就可以飞到此地。
注:in时常被误认为[ … 之内],这点要特别注意。
He is sitting at his table.
他坐在桌子前面。
He stood by the table.
他站在桌子旁边。
He is at table.
他在用膳。
He is under the table.
他醉倒了。
I listen to the music.
我听音乐。(已听到)
I listen for a footstep.
我听脚步声。(尚未听到)
The teacher compared the poet幻a bird.
老师把这位诗人比做一只鸟。
The teacher compared Shelley with Keats.
老师把雪莱和济慈相比。
You are certainly improving in your spelling.
你的拼写显然在改进。
The second edition greatly improves on the first edition.
第一版比第二版好多了。
The accident resulted from Tom’s carelessness.
这事故由于汤姆不小心才造成的。
Tom’s carelessness resulted in an accident.
汤姆粗心大意导致了这场事故。
He ran at me with a knife.
他持刀向我扑来。
He ran to me and kissed me.
他跑过来吻我。
We were waiting for a bus.
我们正在等候汽车。
She was waiting on us courteously.
她很有礼貌地侍候我们。
1 was angry at John’s remark.
我对约翰说的话很生气。
1 was angry with John.
我生约翰的气。
He is good at games.
他擅长游戏。
The medicine is good for headaches.
这种药对头痛有效。
I felt guilty about leaving without saying goodbye.
我因不辞而别而感到内疚。
He is guilty of murder.
他犯了杀人罪。
4.英汉互译时,一定要根据上下文和英汉语言介词短语的固定搭配,及其习惯用法进
行选词造句。有的英语介词在汉语中可以不译出来。同样,有的汉语介词译成英语时也可
以不译出来。以汉语介词“在”为例:
在家里 at home 在街上 in the street
在地板上 on the floor 在室外 out of the door
在我看来抽my opinion 在此期间 during this period
在这种情况下 under these circumstances
在全国范围内 through the country
他在读书 He is at his books.
事情发生在去年 It happened last year.(省略介词)
他在这里在到去年为止。He lived here till last year.(同上)
有时英语用介词而汉语可不用介词:
He made a living by fishing.
他打鱼为生。
He grasped John by the collar.
他一把抓住约翰的衣领。
I\'ll surely let you know in three days.
我三天后一定给你回信。
He was still a child in 1962.
1962年,他还是个孩子。
We haven\'t corresponded for three years.
我们三年没有通信。
They praised the boy for his bravery.
他们赞扬这男孩的勇敢精神。
(三)中国学生在使用介词时,典型错误大约有下面几点:
1.受汉语的影响:
我们努力学习,为了以后能为人民服务。
We are studying hard so that we can serve for the people in
future.(错)
你必须面对现实。
You must face to reality.(错)
无论什么事情都逃不了他的眼睛。
Nothing can escape from his eyes.(错)
以上三句中的介词都应去掉。
就我的意见而言,他是对的。
According to my opinion,he is right.(错)
应为:In my opinion,he is right.
他坐在阳光下。
He was sitting under the sun.(错)
应为:He was sitting at the sun.
2.分不清及物与不及物:
有人敲门。
Someone is knocking the door.(错)
应为:Someone is knocking at the door.
你应该注意听老师讲课。
Y0u should listen the teacher attentively。(错)
应为:You should listen加the teacher attentively.
他坚持要送我回家。
He insisted seeing me home.(错)
应为:He insisted on seeing me home.
我们在中午到达目的地。
We arrived our destination at noon.(错)
应为:We arrived at our destination at noon。
或:We reached our destination at noon.
3.对词义理解错了:
我曾听人说起他,但是我并不认识他。
I have heard him,but I don\'t know him.(错)
应为:I have heard of him,but I don\'t know him.
学生正忙着准备大考。
The students are busy preparing the final examination.(错)
应为:The students are busy preparing知the examination.
注:学生为了大考作准备,而不是筹备这工作。试比较:
His mother is preparing feast.
The teacher is preparing his lecture.
那个男孩子在玩皮球。
The boy is playing his ball. (错)
应为:The boy is playing with his ball.
4.误用介词:
他努力学习,因此学业上取得很大进步。
He studied hard.With a result,he made great progress in his studies.(错)
句中“with a result”应改为“as a result”。
教师要我们把这一句用自己的话译出来。
The teacher wanted us to paraphrase the sentence with our own
words. (错)
句中“with our own words\"应改为:“in our own words”。
开始他们都把他当成了外国人。
At first they took him as a foreigner.(错)
句中“as a foreigner\"应改为“for a foreigner\"。
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