初一下册数学目录

2023年12月31日发(作者：首师大附中初三数学试卷)

初一下册数学目录

名目

第8章 角

8.1 角的表示·························································································4

8.2 角的比较·························································································7

8.3 角的度量·························································································10

8.4 对顶角····························································································16

8.5 垂直······························································································19

回忆与总结·····················································································23

第9章 平行线

9.1 同位角、内错角、同旁内角································································28

9.2 平行线和它的画法············································································31

9.3 平行线的性质··················································································35

9.4 平行线的判定··················································································38

回忆与总结····················································································43

第10章 一次方程组

10.1 认识二元一次方程组········································································48

10.2 二元一次方程做的解法····································································51

10.3 三元一次方程组·············································································56

10.4 列方程组解应用题··········································································61

回忆与总结··················································································70

第11章 整试的乘除

11.1 同底数幂的乘法··········································································76

11.2 积的乘方与幂的乘方····································································78

11.3 单项式的乘法············································································82

11.4 多项式乘多项式·········································································86

11.5 同底数幂的除法·········································································91

宋以后，京师所设小学馆和武学堂中的教师称谓皆称之为“教谕”。至元明清之县学一律循之不变。明朝入选翰林院的进士之师称“教习”。到清末，学堂兴起，各科教师仍沿用“教习”一称。事实上“教谕”在明清时还有学官一意，即主管县一级的教育生员。而相应府和州掌管教育生员者则谓“教授”和“学正”。“教授”“学正”和“教谕”的副手一律称“训导”。于民间，专门是汉代以后，关于在“校”或“学”中传授经学者也称为“经师”。在一些特定的讲学场合，比如书院、皇室，也称教师为“院长、西席、讲席”等。

11.6 零指数幂与负整数指数幂·····························································95

观看内容的选择，我本着先静后动，由近及远的原则，有目的、有打算的先安排与幼儿生活接近的，能明白得的观看内容。随机观看也是不可少的，是相当有味的，如蜻蜓、蚯蚓、毛毛虫等，小孩一边观看，一边提问，爱好专门浓。我提供的观看对象，注意形象逼真，色彩鲜亮，大小适中，引导幼儿多角度多层面地进行观看，保证每个幼儿看得到，看得清。看得清才能说得正确。在观看过程中指导。我注意关心幼儿学习正确的观

看方法，即按顺序观看和抓住事物的不同特点重点观看，观看与说话相结合，在观看中积存词汇，明白得词汇，如一次我抓住时机，引导幼儿观看雷雨，雷雨前天空急剧变化，乌云密布，我问幼儿乌云是什么模样的，有的小孩说：乌云像大海的波浪。有的小孩说“乌云跑得飞速。”我加以确信说“这是乌云滚滚。”当幼儿看到闪电时，我告诉他“这叫电光闪闪。”接着幼儿听到雷声惊叫起来，我抓住时机说：“这确实是雷声隆隆。”一会儿下起了大雨，我问：“雨下得如何样?”幼儿说大极了，我就舀一盆水往下一倒，作比较观看，让幼儿把握“倾盆大雨”那个词。雨后，我又带幼儿观看晴朗的天空，朗诵自编的一首儿歌：“蓝天高，白云飘，鸟儿飞，树儿摇，太阳公公咪咪笑。”如此抓住特点见景生情，幼儿不仅印象深刻，对雷雨前后气象变化的词语学得快，记得牢，而且会应用。我还在观看的基础上，引导幼儿联想，让他们与以往学的词语、生活体会联系起来，在进展想象力中进展语言。如啄木鸟的嘴是长长的，尖尖的，硬硬的，像大夫用的手术刀―样，给大树开刀治病。通过联想，幼儿能够生动形象地描述观看对象。

回忆与总结··············································································105

“师”之概念，大体是从先秦时期的“师长、师傅、先生”而来。其中“师傅”更早则意指春秋时国君的老师。《说文解字》中有注曰：“师教人以道者之称也”。“师”之含义，现在泛指从事教育工作或是传授知识技术也或是某方面有特长值得学习者。“老师”的原意并非由“老”而形容“师”。“老”在旧语义中也是一种尊称，隐喻年长且学识渊博者。“老”“师”连用最初见于《史记》，有“荀卿最为老师”之说法。慢慢“老师”之说也不再有年龄的限制，老少皆可适用。只是司马迁笔下的“老师”因此不是今日意义上的“教师”，其只是“老”和“师”的复合构词，所表达的含义多指对知识渊博者的一种尊称，虽能从其身上学以“道”，但其不一定是知识的传播者。今天看来，“教师”的必要条件不光是拥有知识，更重于传播知识。