平显的英文译语怎么说-以个性为话题的作文


2023年4月20日发(作者:ankle是什么意思)第九课
马克•吐温——美国的一面镜子
(节选)
诺埃尔•格罗夫
在大多数美国人的心目中,马克•吐温是位伟大作家,他描写了哈克•费恩永恒的童年时
代中充满诗情画意的旅程和汤姆•索亚在漫长的夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事。确实,这
位美国最受人喜爱的作家的探索精神、爱国热情、浪漫气质及幽默笔调都到达了登峰造极的
程度。但我发现还有另一个不同的马克•吐温——一个由于深受人生悲剧的打击而变得愤世
嫉俗、尖酸刻薄的马克•吐温,一个为人类品质上的弱点而忧心忡忡、明显地看到前途是一
片黑暗的人。
印刷工、领航员、邦联游击队员、淘金者、耽于梦想的乐天派、语言尖刻的挖苦家:马
克•吐温原名塞缪尔•朗赫恩•克莱门斯,他一生之中有超过三分之一的时间浪迹美国各地,
体验着美国的新生活,尔后便以作家和演说家的身分将他所感受到的这一切介绍给全世界。
他的笔名取自他在蒸汽船上做工时听到的报告水深为两口寻(12英尺)——意即可以通航的
信号语。他的作品中有二十几部至今仍在印行,其外文译本仍在世界各地拥有读者,由此可
见他的享誉程度。
在马克•吐温青年时代,美国的地理中心是密西西比河流域,而密西西比河是这个年轻
国家中部的交通大动脉论语六则 。龙骨船、平底船和大木筏载运着最重要的商品。木材、玉米、烟草、
小麦和皮货通过这些运载工具顺流而下,运送到河口三角洲地区,而砂糖、糖浆、棉花和威
士忌酒等货物则被运送到北方。19世纪50年代,西部领土开发高潮到来之前,辽阔的密
西西比河流域占美国已开发领土的四分之三。
1857年,少年马克•吐温作为蒸汽船上的一名小领航员踏人了这片天地。在这个新的工
作岗位上,他接触到的是各式各样的人物,看到的是一个多姿多彩的大干世界。他完全地投
身到这种生活之中,经常在操舵室里听着人们谈论民间争斗、海盗抢劫、私刑案件、游医卖
药以及河边的一些化外民居的故事。所有这一切,连同他那像留声机般准确可靠的记忆所吸
收的丰富多彩的语言,后来都有时机在他的作品中得以再现。 天净沙秋白朴赏析
蒸汽船的甲板上不仅挤满了富有开拓精神的人们,而且也载着一些娼妓、赌棍和歹徒等
社会渣滓。从所有这些形形色色的人身上,马克•吐温敏锐地认识了人类,认识了人们的言
与行之间的差距。他在蒸汽船上工作的四年半时间是他真正接受教育的开端,而且也是最具
有深远意义的教育。到了晚年,马克•吐温还声言是密西西比河使他了解了各种各样的人的
本性。这种生活体验对他的全部创作都起了促进作用,然而他描写得最为成功的还是那些密
西西比河上的人物。
随着铁路运输的发展,社会上对汽船领航员的需求日渐减少,而内战的爆发又阻碍了商
业贸易的发展。这时,马克•吐温便离开了密西西比河流域。他在南方邦联游击队的一支杂
牌队伍里当了两个星期的兵。那支队伍想方设法防止与敌军交战。在确信“我比发明撤退的
人更精通撤退”之后,马克•吐温离开了那支队伍。
他乘驿站马车来到西部,在内华达州的华苏地区受到当时正流行的淘金热的诱惑。同那
只有既幸运而又锲而不舍的追求者才能取得的巨大财富三心二意地打了八个月交道之后,
遭到了失败。在破产和灰心之余,他接受了为弗吉尼亚市《领土开发报》当记者的工作,这
一行动将获得文学界永久的感激。
自从他因淘金失败而感到心灰意冷之后,马克•吐温便开始努力博取作为一名报社记者
和幽默作家的地区性声望。从事新闻报道工作当然不能使他像淘金成功者一样立成巨富,
在挣钱方面他的笔杆却比他的锄镐要有效得多。1864年春季,在他加盟《领土开发报》还
不足两年之时,他又乘驿站马车前往旧金山,那儿在当时和现在都是有前途的年轻作家成长

的摇篮。
马克•吐温磨炼并试验了他的新笔力,但他却因写了一些尖锐的评论文章而被迫暂时离
开这座城市。他围绕着虐待华人等一类问题对市政府提出的尖锐批评惹得一些官员大为恼
火,因之他只好逃到萨克拉门托山谷的金矿区暂避风头。他对那儿的拓荒者们的描写使西海
岸地区富有创新精神的现代人倍感亲切。“这儿的人们真是了不起——因为那些笨手笨脚、
无精打彩、呆头呆脑的懒汉都呆在家里……正是那些人们为加利福尼亚赢得了这样的声誉:
当他们着手进行一项宏伟的事业时,他们会不计代价或风险而以一种豪迈的气概和闯劲勇往
直前,一千到底。加利福尼亚人至今仍保持着这样的声誉,因而,每当他们发起一项新的惊
天动地的壮举时,那些素来稳重的人便会像往常一样微笑着说:‘看吧,这完全是加利福尼
亚的风格’
1864年与1865年之交的那个冬天,马克•吐温是在安吉尔斯矿区度过的。在这段沉闷
的日子里,他记了一本笔记。在杂乱无章的有关天气情况和乏味无趣的有关矿区饭食情况的
记录条目中夹着一条表达当天听到的一则故事的记录——这条记录决定了他一生事业的发
展方向:“科尔曼用他的跳蛙——与陌生人赌50美元——陌生人没有跳蛙,科尔曼去给他弄
来一只——陌生人利用这段时间将科的跳蛙肚子塞满铅弹,这样,科的跳蛙跳不起来,陌生
人的跳蛙便得以获胜。
经过马克•吐温的生花妙笔改写之后,这个故事登在美国各地的报纸上,成了家喻户晓
的“卡拉韦拉斯县有名的跳蛙”。至此,马克•吐温作为“太平洋海岸狂放的幽默大师”的声
望已在全国范围内牢固地确立起来了。
两年之后,他得到了一个以美国人特有的眼光去观察欧洲旧大陆的时机。在纽约市,“费
城号”蒸汽船准备进行一次到欧洲和圣地的观光航行。这是美国人第一次组织较大规模的团
体观光旅行——也可以看作是一个国家发展史上的某种里程碑。马克•吐温作为加利福尼亚
一家报纸的记者被委派随同观光团采访。如果读者们期望能读到有关这次旅行见闻的神采飞
扬的描写的话,那他们是要倍感意外的。
举例来说,他对于那没有给他留下什么好印象的土耳其君主苏丹是这样报道的,“人们
可以任意选择一个地方设一个陷阱,一夜之间准可捕捉到十几个更有能耐的人。”他信口开
河地对一些受人景仰的艺术家和艺术珍品加以鄙薄,甚至对宗教圣地也敢于以亵渎性的言辞
加以侮蔑。回国以后,越来越多的报纸开始刊登他的文章,整个美国都同他一齐欢笑。他一
回到美国,他的旅行杂记《傻子出国旅行记》立即成为畅销书。
三十六岁时,马克•吐温开始定居于康涅狄格州哈特福德镇,他的最优秀的作品全是在
那段时间里问世的。
早在1870年,马克•吐温就试着写了一篇关于一个他名之为比利•罗杰斯的男孩子的童
年历险故事。两年后,他又将主人公的名字改为汤姆,并着手将故事改编成剧本。直到1874
年他才开始认真地扩展故事情节。《汤姆•索亚》于1876年出版后,很快成为美国儿童故事
的经典之作。这部描写汤姆的顽皮、勇敢、机智以及他对贝琪•莎切尔的天真纯洁的感情的
故事几乎像《独立宣言》一样成了今天美国学校里的必读书本。
马克•吐温本人的独立宣言却是由另一个人物表达出来的。在《汤姆•索亚》第六章里,
他引出了“村里的流浪少年,镇上酒鬼的儿子哈克贝利•费恩”哈克不愿在清教徒道格拉斯
寡妇家过上等人的体面生活,从那里逃出来后对他的朋友汤姆•索亚发牢骚说:“我试过了,
还是不行;不行啊,汤姆。那不是我过的日子……那寡妇家吃饭要听钟声,睡觉要听钟声,
起床也要听钟声,什么事情都得规规矩矩,简直叫人受不了。
《汤姆•索亚》风行美国九年之后,哈克被赋予独立的生命,成为一本被许多人认为是
最成功的描写美国人的作品的书中的主人公。他同一个逃跑出来的奴隶一起乘坐木筏沿着密
西西比河顺流而下的漂流航程展现了一幅幅揭示美国社会生活全貌的生动画面。 通过

对密西西比河,尤其是对哈克•费恩这一人物的描写,马克•吐温将自己想从那束缚着自己并
常常令自己苦恼的生活步调中摆脱出来,从生活中的各种清规戒律以及为了事业成功而进行
的艰苦挣扎中解放出来的愿望表达得淋漓尽致。
马克•吐温认为,美国人的理想中缺少了一种成分。他说:“我们只消偶尔地躺下来好好
放松休息一下,保持锋棱利角,我们将有可能成为一个多么朝气蓬勃的民族,一个多么富有
思想的民族啊!
马克•吐温的一生都笼罩在悲剧的阴影之中,自己的亲人一个接一个地去世:他的父亲
在他十二岁那年死于肺炎,他的兄弟亨利在一次汽船爆炸事故中遇难;他的儿子朗顿才满十
九个月即离开人世。他的大女儿苏茜死于脊膜炎;克莱门斯夫人在佛罗伦萨死于心脏病;
他的小女儿也因癫痫病的发作淹死在楼上的浴盆里。
这位曾令全世界欢笑的人自己却饱尝了人世的辛酸。他早期作品中的道德说教厚厚地包
着一层幽默的外衣,现在幽默换成了辛辣的挖苦。对于美国军队在一个火山口上屠杀六百名
菲律宾摩洛人的行为,他没有直接进行抨击,而是假装为之高唱赞歌。在《神秘的陌生人》
中,他指出人类应该抛弃宗教梦想,依靠自己而不是上帝的力量去创造一个更加美好的世界。
他自己的最后一个梦想到后来似乎也破灭了。在晚年口述自传的时候,他以极端绝望的
心情谈到人从尘世的苦难中的最终解脱:“……他们从世界上消失了,在这个世界上他们无
足轻重,无所成就;甚至他们的存在本身就是个错误,是个失败,是种愚蠢。这个世界上也
没有留下丝毫能说明他们存在过的痕迹。这个世界赠给他们的只是一日的哀伤和永久的遗
忘。
(摘自《国家地理》19759)
Lesson 9
Mirror of America
I .
1)Because his literary works such as two novels about Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer are loved
by Americans, who imagine he was adventurous, patriotic, romantic, and humorous.
2)Before he became a writer, he worked as a tramp printer, river pilot, Confederate guerrilla,
prospector, and reporter. He had done varied jobs.
3)He adopted his pen name from the cry heard in his steamboat days, signaling two fathoms of
water.
4)He became a pilot on a steamboat in 1857 and stayed there for four and a half years. There
he learned a lot about human nature and gained a keen perception of the human race. This
experience immensely enriched his writing.
5)He left the river country because the development of railroad, rendered steamboat pilots less
necessary and the Civil War began, stopping commerce. Then he became a Confederate guerrilla.
6)The celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County.
7)Because it was a book centered on satirizing Europe and the Holy Land, arousing intense
interest among Americans.
8)Because it is a classic tale of American boyhood describing Tom\'s mischievous daring,
ingenuity, and the sweet innocence of his affection for Becky Thatcher.
9)Personal tragedy made him become bitter late in life.
.
1)a man who became constantly preoccupied by the moral weaknesses of mankind
2)Mark Twain first observed and absorbed the new American experience, and then introduce it
to the world in his books or lectures.

3)In his new profession he could meet people of all kinds.
4)With no money and a frastrated f初秋古诗孟浩然 eeling, he accepted a job as reporter with Territorial
Enterprise in Virginia City, ...
5)Mark Twain began working hard to became well known locally as a newspaper reporter and
humorist.
6)and when California makes a plan for a new surprise, the solemn people in other states of the
U.S. smile as usual, making a comment \"that\'s typical of California\"
7)The man who had made the world laugh was himself consumed by bitterness.
. See the translation of the text.
IV.
1)compound nouns
a) n. + n. : steamboat, pilothouse, keelboat, wa凤歌笑孔丘典故 terside, railroad, stagecoach, pickax,
gold-fields, notebook, milestone, newspaper, bathtub, etc.
烟花易冷歌词 b)adj. (adv., prep. ) + n. : flatboat, hotbed, best-seller, rough-country, everything,
downstream, etc.
c)gerund +n. : mining-camp
2)compound adjectives
a)adj. +n. (-ed) :starry-eyed, acid-tongued, etc.
b)adv. +past participle: best-loved
c)n. +present participle: energy-sapping
d)v. +adv. :runaway
V.
1)pessimist 2)civilized 3)dull 4)to accept 5)lazily
6)energetic, alert 7)to deny 8)small, tiny 9)interesting 10)cheerful
VI.
river pilot, valley of the Mississippi River, main artery of transportation, keelboat, flatboat,
large raft, downstream, steamboat, steamboat deck, stream.
.
1)tramp printer 2)river pilot 3)pen name 4)steamboat days
5)Mississippi River 6)delta country 7)cub pilot 8) pilothouse talk
9)medicine shows lO)waterside slums ll)steamboat decks 12)steamboat
trade 13)river country 14)gold and silver fever 15)Virginia city
16)newspaper reporter 17) city government 18) Sacramento Valley 19)
rough-country settlers 20) mining-camp meals 21) Calaveras County 22)
pleasure cruise 23) United States citizens 24)California newspaper 25)art
treasures 26) book version 27)boyhood adventures 28)stage play
29) town drunkard 30)raft flight 31)steamboat explosion32)heart attack
Ⅷ.
1)romantic意为浪漫的sentimental意为伤感的易感伤的humorous意为幽默
幽默的witty意为机智的聪颖的
2)cynic意为愤世嫉俗者critic意为批评家评论家
3)lumber指已加工成条、块、板等的木料;timber往往指未经加工的木头。在美语里,
timber指适用于建房造船等的木头,无论是加过工的还是未加过工的树都包括在内;而在英
国英语里,这两个词意思相同。

4)proclaim指正式宣布或宣称;claim表示对一项权利的要求和维护。
5)demand本为经济术语,supply相对,即常说的供需need为通用词,意为需要
haltstop更具体,暗指短暂的停止。
6)mistreatment指错误地对待;ill-treatment指虐待。
7)consequence常指不良后果或结果;result为常用词。
8)dreary指使人情绪低落,精神萎糜不振;tedious指单调,持续时间长,从而使人厌倦。
9)a pleasure cruise指旅游者乘船观光游览,不一定船上的人都玩得高兴;a pleasant cruise
指乘船玩得很高兴,不一定是旅游。
10)correspondent指某报纸杂志电台等驻外地甚至外国的记者(reporter)注意,correspond
本指通信联系。
11)robust指身强体壮、精力充分的;healthy仅指健康无病。
12)desperation指因失望(despair)而表现出气急败坏的状态。
Ⅸ.
1)fatherauthorcreator cruise through eternal boyhoodjourney through lasting boyhood
endless summer of freedom and adventurelong summer full of free and adventurous activities
2)arterymain route or channel
3)cast of characterspeople of various sorts cosmosa place where one can find all sorts of
characters
4)current: stream (here not a good choice for the verb team)
5)succumbed to the epidemic of gold and silver fever: gave way to (yielded to, submitted to)
the gold and silver rush prevailing in that area
6)flirted with the colossal wealth \"\" and was rebuffed: did not try hard or persistently enough
to get the colossal wealth \"\" failed
7)digging his way to regional fame: working hard to gain regional fame
8)honed: sharpened (It is not suitable to say \"to sharpen one\'s muscles\". )
X.
1)antithesis 2)euphemism 3)metonymy 4)alliteration
5)alliteration 6)personification 7)euphemism 8)antithesis
XI.
1)The article does not touch the heart of the subject under discussion.
2)The newly completed railway is the main artery for traffic in the southwest of that country.
3)That proble黍离是什么意思 m produced two different currents of opinion among the Congressmen.
4)The overcrowded slum areas were a hotbed of diseases and vices.
5)Twain\'s source of inspiration never dried up.
6)Living in the enemy camp honed his五彩缤纷 wits.
.
1)eternal boyhood
2)endless summer
3)a cosmos
4)a memory that seemed phonogr散作千溪遍万家 aphic
5)the epidemic of gold and silver fever
6)a milestone in a country\'s development
7)America laughed with him.
8)… almost as sure to be studied in American schools today as is the Declaration of

Independence.
9)… a moving panorama for exploration of American society
10)Twain found the ultimate expression of escape from…
ll)Personal tragedy haunted his entire life ...
12)Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.
XIII.
l)completely, entirely
2)bankrupt, penniless
3)organizing
4)developing, carrying them out at high speed
5)as its characteristic is
6)wagered $ 50 with a stranger
7)exposed the falsehood of
8)cast away
XIV.
1)He was obsessed with fear of poverty.
2)Dongting Lake teems with fish and shrimps.
3)Tom was every bit as intelligent as the top boy in his class.
4)He is an acquaintance of mine, but not a friend.
5)Under pressure, he had no other choice but quit office.
6)In the end he succumbed to her persuasion and decided to change his original plan.
7)Many children succumbed to small pox then.
8)Much to his horror, he found the cabin flooded.
9)The kids did extremely well in their exam, to the great satisfaction of both parents and
teachers.
10)That\'s Peter all over.
11)Not until midnight did the surgeon finish the operation.
12)The history course has acquainted me with ancient civilizations.
13)The愉的组词 old writer shaped the folktale into a film scenario.
14)The dauntless revolutionary spirit of the Chinese people finds full expression in the new
play.
XV. Omitted.
XVI.
Mark Twain Mark Twain was the pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens. He was born in
the small village of Florida, Missouri on November 30, 1835. His family moved to Hannibal when
Samuel was 4, where he spent his boyhood, fascinated by the romance and impressed by the
violence of river life. Sam had relatively little schooling. He left school at 13, and became a
full-time apprentice to a printer. At 18, he became a tramp printer and went to New York, then to
Philadelphia and Washington, and finally to Iowa to set type for his brother\'s local paper. At22, he
became a steamboat pilot\'s apprentice. About two years later, he became a pilot himself. He
worked on the Mississippi River till 1861, learning a lot about human nature. In 1861,when the
Civil War broke out, he became a Confederate guerrilla but retired after two weeks. Then he went
to the West, and worked as a prospector, miner, and speculator, but failed. And then he did
reporting for local papers. In February, 1863, he began to use the pen name Mark Twain, a river

man\'s term for water that was just barely safe for navigation. In 1865, The Celebrated Jumping
Frog of Calaveras County was published and he became famous. He married in 1870, and moved
to Hartford, Conn. ,where he lived his most productive years (till 1891), during which he wrote
Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. Besides these two children\'s classics, he wrote many other
important works in his life, among which were Roughing It, The Gilded Age, The Prince and
Pauper, The One Million, Bank-Note and Other Stories, The Man that Corrupted Hadley bury and
Other Stories and Sketches. He died in 1910.

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