牛油的英文译语怎么说-大家好英语


2023年3月30日发(作者:双蛋节)

6Disparityinthinkingpatternbetweeneastandwest

ityvsIndividuality1.我身体健康。

Iamingoodhealth2.我们各方面的工作都取得了很大的胜利。

Wehavewongreatvictoriesinallfieldsofourwork.

3.发展要有新思路,改革要有新突破,开放要有新局面,各项工作要有新举措。

Itisimperativeforustocomeupwithnewideasfordevelopment,makenewbreak-throughsin

reform,breaknewgroundinopeningupandtakenewmovesinallfieldsofendeavour.

睡时,灯是不敢点的,她怕楼上的灯光招惹是非,也希冀眼前干净些,完全一片黑。(文字跳脱,

或不出现主语、频频转换主语等)(叶圣陶《夜》)

Whenshewenttobedshedarednotlightthelampforfearthelightupstairswouldattract

attentionandcausetrouble,besides,shepreferredtoseenothing,tobeinsheerdarkness.

会嫁的嫁儿郎,不会嫁的嫁田庄。

Awisewomanmarriesagoodman,whileastupidjustproperty.

说是说了,没有结果;做是做了,没有成功。

Ihavemadeproposals,butinvain,Ihavemadeattempts,butwithoutsuccess.

nessvsOvertness隐性与显性(IndirectnessvsDirectness;ImplicityvsExplicity)

1.接到你们的贺函,我十分高兴。

Iamveryhappytohavereceivedyourmessageofgreetings.

2.现在有机会互相介绍彼此对各种问题的观点,对此,双方认为是有益的。

Thetwosidesfounditbeneficialtohavethisopportunitytopresenttooneanothertheir

viewsonavarietyofissues.

3.我访问过一些地方,遇到不少人,要谈起来,奇妙的事可多着呢。

TherearemanywonderfulstoriestotellabouttheplacesIvisitedandthepeopleImet.

jectivevstheObjective

1.语言这东西,不是随便可以学好的,非下苦功夫不可。

Themasteryofalanguageisnoteasyandrequirespainstakingefforts.

2.他一想到要返回去,心里就害怕。

Thethoughtofreturningfilledhimwithfear.3.我没想到你会反对。

Itdidn’toccurtomethatyouwouldobject.

4.让世界了解中国,让中国走向世界。

namakeclosecontact

withtherestoftheworld.

tiveThinkingvsLogicalThinking归心似箭

Soeagertogetback叶落归根Returntomotherland

汉语多形象、具体,英语中大量含义概括,指称笼统的抽象名词

谁都知道,西北地区是艰苦的

Aseverybodyknows,lifeinthenorthwestChinaisharder

ionVSevidence

英语:先概括后分解、先表态后叙事、先总结后事例、先整体后细节,由果到因、由小到大等。

汉语:按时间顺序和逻辑发展关系由先到后、由因到果、由假设到推论、由事实到论证,习惯于问

题解决型模式(Problem-solutionPattern)。

ItwaskeendisappointmentthatIhadtocancelthevisitIhadintendedtopaytoHong

KongOnJuly1St.

我原先打算七月一日去香港旅游,后来不得不取消,这使我很扫兴。

Istronglybelievethatit’sintheinterestsOfmycountrymenthatChinashouldremainan

activeandenergeticpoweringlobaleconomicmatters.

在全球经济事务中,中国应继续保持一个积极而充满活力的力量,我坚信这是符合我国利益的。

Webelievethatitisrightandnecessarythatpeoplewithdifferentpoliticalandsocial

systemsshouldlivesidebyside—notjustinapassivewaybutasactivefriends.

我们认为生活在不同政治社会制度下的各国人们应该共处,不仅仅是消极共处,而是要积极地友

好相处,这是正确而必要的。

ThevisitgivesustheopportunitythatIhavelongsought,toseeforourselvesthe

achievementsofMacaopeoplesincetheliberalizationofthegamingindustry.

这次访问使我们有机会亲眼看看澳门人自赌权开放后所取得的成就,这是我们向往已久的。

7Selection&extensionofWordMeanings

wordmeaningsaccordingtopartsofspeeches.

ntry’sindustryhasdevelopedquicklyinthelastdecade.

过去10年我国工业发展迅猛。

•loptheinstrument,manyexpertswereinvited.为了研制这种仪器请了很多专家。

•lopingthedesign,theengineermustapplyhisknowledgeofengineeringand

materialscience.

•在进行设计时工程师必须运用工程学和材料学方面的知识。

•4.I’dliketodevelopthisideaalittlemorefullybeforeIgoontomynextpoint.

•在谈到下一点之前,我想把这一想法进一步阐述一下。

•anbetransmitted遐迩的意思 overalongdistance.电力可以远距离输送。

•illnotbethefirsttousenuclearweaponsalthoughconsideredoneofthe

nuclearpowers.

•尽管中国是核大国,但中国决不会首先使用核武器。

•3.16isthefourthpowerof2.(27isthethirdpowerof3.)16是2的4次方。(27是3的3次幂。)

•thepoweroftheengine?这台电机的功率是多少?

•plosive烈性炸药

•eel

opiniondemandsthatsomethingshouldbedonetoendthestrike.

•众舆论要求采取措施结束罢工。

•infrontofmesuddenlystoppedandImissedthegreen.

•我前面的那辆车突然停了,我错过了绿灯。

•racterofthesepeopleisamixtureofthetigerandtheape.

•nehasrainandsunshine(rosesandthorns)intheirlife.

thefirstpartofhislife,Lincolnwasastorekeeperandpostmaster.

•林肯早年当过店主和邮政局长。

rkofhighwayswasbuiltfromcoasttocoast.横跨大陆建筑了一个公路网。

•dthatthemercurycolumnmeasuredthepredictedheight.

•他发现水银柱达到了预期的高度。

eanewdevelopmentinaviation.喷气式飞机是航空事业上的一个新成就。

rtestdistancebetweenrawmaterialandafinishedpartiscasting.

•铸造是原材料加工成成品的最简便方法。

•sanaggressivesalesmanwhodidhisjobquitewell.

•约翰是个积极肯干的推销员,他工作干得很出色。(褒义)

•pursuedanaggressivepolicyafterheseizedpower.

•希特勒夺取了政权之后就推行侵略政策。(贬义)

•stooobviouslyflatteringthegentlemanbysayinghewasthemost

courageousmanhehadeverseen.

•汉斯说,这位先生是他所见过的最有胆识的人。这种阿谀奉承未免过于露骨。(贬义)

•eltgreatlyflatteredwhenhereceivedtheinvitationtodeliveralecture.

•布朗先生接到作演讲的邀请时感到非常荣幸。(褒义)

ernatingcurrentdoesnotknowsuchadisadvantageasthedirectcurrentdoes.

•死译:交流电不知道直流电的这种缺点。

•引伸:交流电不存在直流电的这种缺点。

•iskeptmoist,rustingisrapid,whichmightleadustothinkthatwaterwasthe

influencecausingthecorrosion.

•死译:如果保持潮湿,生锈就快,这可能使我们以为水是引起腐独的影响。

•引伸:如果保持潮湿,生锈就快,这可能使我们以为水是引起腐独的原因。

wouldtendtostructurehisthinkingandmightlimitthecreationofpossiblesolutions.

havebeenthisobviousaimlessnessthatledtomydownfall.

•现在看来,一定是这种明显的毫无目的的游逛使我倒了霉。(贬义)

•ppearedtothemtobequitefamiliarwiththissortofsituation,anditconfirmed

themintheirbeliefthatIwasathoroughlydisreputablecharacter.

•这样一来,在他们眼里,我就像是非常熟悉这一套了,也使他们更加确信我是一个地地道道的坏

蛋。(贬义)

•ghlysuccessfulstudentwithabrilliantacademicrecord.

•我是一个学业出众的高材生。(褒义)

•erryRudman,33,andnostrangertotrouble.

•他叫克里.拉德曼,33岁,惹事生非已不是一次了。(贬义

idn’tneedanylessonswhenitcomestoofficepolitics

•说到办公室里明争暗斗的那一套,波拉可算是无师自通。(贬义)

•manofhighrenown他是位有名望的人。(褒义)

•orietyasarakedidnotcomeuntilhisdeath

•他作为流氓的恶名是他死后才传开来的。(贬义)

•shockedbyhiscoarsemanners我们对他的粗暴态度感到震惊。(贬义)

8Conversion

Teachingcontents

tingtootherpartsofspeech

tingtoverbs

Why/when/how

Staticvsdynamic;norminalization

tor’sextremelyquickarrivalsanduncommonlycarefulexaminationofthe

patientbroughtabouthisveryspeedyrecovery.

医生迅速到达,并非常仔细地检查了病人,因此病人很快就康复了。

Theeffectoftheoveruseofnounsinwritingistheplacingoftoomuchstrainuponthe

verbsandtheresultantpreventionofmovementofthethought.

Onewhooverusesnounsinwritingplacestoomuchstrainupontheverbsandasa

resultpreventsthethoughtfrommovingalong

写作时过分使用名词,势必给动词增加太多的负担,因而妨碍思路畅通。

lshockerwasthatthingsdraggedonwellbeyondthetwoweeksIhad

anticipated.

最令人吃惊的是,事情拖了很久,大大超过我原来设想的时间。

Litmuspapercanbeusedasanindicatorofthepresenceornotofacidinasolution.

石蕊试纸可用以测试溶液是否含酸

tingtoverbs

whenandhow:

<---v.

英语中具有动作意义的动作意义的名词,汉译时往往可转化为动词。

Theywentonstrikeindemandofa40percentwageincrease.

他们举行罢工,要求工资增加40%。

Heisanenemytoreform.他反对改革。

Convertingtoverbs

ativen(政论)

Rocketshavefoundapplicationfortheexplorationoftheuniverse.

火箭已经用来探索宇宙。

TheoperationofacomputerneedssomeknowledgeofEnglish.

操作电脑需要一些英语知识。

b.名词(含动词意味)(记叙、描写)

Thesightandsoundofourjetplanesfilledmewithspeciallonging.

看到我们的喷气式飞机,听见隆隆的机声,我特别神往。

Differencebetweenthesocialsystemofstatesshallnotbeanobstacletotheirapproach

andcooperation.

国与国社会制度的不同应妨碍彼此的接近与合作。

c加后缀-er的名词(不指身份和职业,而含有较强动作意味)

Heisnosmoker,buthisfatherisachain-smoker.

他倒是不抽烟,但他父亲却一支又一支不停地抽。

Hewasaregularvisitor.他经常来。

IamafraidIcan’mydaughterisabetterteacherthanI.

恐怕我教不了你英语,我想我女儿比我教得好。

d作为习语(较固定动词+n)主体的名词->动词

TheytookafinallookatMike,……他们最后看了麦克一眼,……

Hehasalreadymadementionofthematterinhisspeech.他在演讲中曾提到过这件事。

Upthestreettheywent,paststores,acrossabroadsquare,andthenenteredahuge

building.

他们沿着大街走去,经过很多商店,穿过一个大广场。

Theroadtodevelopmentislongbutwearefirmlyonit.

发展的道路虽然漫长,可我们已坚定地走了上这条路。

Heiswalkingintheparkwithanumbrellainhishand.他在公园散步,手里拿着一把伞。

Itisourgoalthatthepeopleintheundevelopedareaswillbefinallyoffpoverty.

我们的目标是使不发达地区的人民最终摆脱贫困。

Thecompanyhasadvertisedinthenewspaperforelectronicexperts.

公司在报上登广告招聘电子方面的专家。

Theyweresuspiciousandresentfulofhim.他们不信任他,讨厌他。

Integritymeansyoudowhatyoudobecauseit’srightandnotjustfashionableor

politicallycorrect.

诚实意味着去做你认为对的事,而不仅仅是为了赶时髦或在政治上不出错。

Don’tbeafraidofthosewhomighthaveabetterideaorwhomightevenbesmarterthan

youare.

不要恐惧那些想法可能比你高明,或者那些可能比你更聪明的人。

amiliarwiththeperformanceofthelaboratoryequipment?

史密斯先生熟悉实验室设备的性能吗?

Whatfilmwillbeonthisevening?今晚放映什么影片?

Thatbookwillbeoutprettysoon.那本书不久就要出版了。

Inthoseyearstherepublicanswerein.那些年是共和党执政。

Doublewindowswerefixedtokeepthecoldout.安装双层窗御寒。

动名词转译成动词(gerund---v.)

Theoriginofthisparticularcultureisfarfromclearing.

这种奇特的文化根源远没有弄清楚。

tingtonoun

当英语动词的意义不易用汉语动词表达,或不能表达得很准确时,可以把动词转译为名词。

1.v.---n.

Thebookdidnotimpressmeatall.那本书没留给我什么印象。

Harryaimstobecomeacomputerexpert.哈里的目标是成为计算机专家。

Yourworkischaracterizedbylackofattentiontodetail.

你工作的毛病是不注意细节。(粗心大意)

Themachineweighsaboutfivehundredkilograms.这台机器的重量是500公斤。

Whenlightfallsoncertainthings,itbouncesback,whichwesaythelightisreflected.

光照到某种物体上会弹回来,这种情况我们称之为光受到反射。

Theyouthsalwaysdreamfondlyoftheirfuture.年轻人对前途总是怀有美好的梦想。

Independentobservershavecommentedfavorablyontheachievementsyouhavemade

inthisdirection.

有独立见解的观察家们对你们在这方面所取得的成就给予了很高的评价。

.---n.

Thedaywascloudybutthesunwastryingtocomethrough.

天上有云,不过太阳就要破云而出了。

Obedienceisobligatoryonasoldier.服从命令是军人的天职。

ManyWesternpeoplearereligious.很多西方人/西方人多数都是虔诚的教徒。

C.Convertingtootherpartsofspeech

YouareagreaterblockheadthanIhadsupposedyoutobe.

你比我所想象得要傻得多(n.—adj.)

OurgovernmentshowsgreatconcernfortheChineseresidentabroad.

我国政府十分关心海外华侨。

Hisaddressimpressedmedeeply.他的讲话给我留下很深的印象。

Fromthefront,backandbothsideswekeptastrictwatchontheenemy.

我们在前后左右严密地监视敌人。

形容词->副词

Thisissheernonsense.这完全是胡说。

Buckleywasinaclearminority.巴克利显然属于少数。

名词<--->副词

Thenewmayorearnedrespectduetothecourtesyofvisitingthepoorinthecity.

新市长有礼貌地访问城市贫民赢得了人们的尊敬。

副词--名词

Theyhavenotdonesowellideologically,however,asorganizationally.

但是,他们的思想工作没有他们的组织工作做得好。

Tobeindependentisanabsolutenecessityforyoungpeople.

独立对年轻人来说是绝对必要的。

Inscience,itisimportanttostatealaworaprincipleaccurately.

在科学方面定律或定理的准确叙述十分重要。

Withslightrepairs,themachinecouldbeinmotion.只要稍加修理,这台机器便可以运转。

9一、Amplification增词

(一)根据词异的多义词组词 义或修辞需要增词(二)根据语法需要增词

二、Repetition重复Purposesofrepetition

(一)为了明确重复clarity(二)为了强调重复emphasis(三)为了生动重复vividness

RepetitionasarhetoricaldeviceinChinese

Amplificationintranslation(增词译法).

(一)根据词义或修辞需要增词

theoreticalbasis:

OmissionofverbsorprepositionsinEnglish

Strategy:supplywordstofilltheomissions

Historiesmakemanwise;poetswitty;themathematicssubtle;naturalphilosophy

deep…

历史使人明智;诗词使人灵秀;数学使人周密;自然哲学使人深邃。。。

FormonthsIhavekeptonmydeskapicturefromatabloid.

几个月来,我桌上一直放着一幅从小报上剪下的照片。

InChina,wewentintoshops,parks,theatersandrestaurants.

在中国,我们逛商店,逛公园,上戏院,下饭店。

Intheevening,afterthebanquets,theconcertsandthetabletennismatches,hewouldworkon

thedraftingofthefinalcommuniqu.

晚上在参加宴会,出席音乐会,观看乒乓球表演后,他还得起草最后公报。

Ihadexperiencedoxygenand/orenginetrouble.

不是氧气设备出故障,就是引擎出故障,或者它们都出故障,这些我都碰到过。

Aprofessorofmineoncesaid:教过我的一位教授曾说过:…

Sciencedemandsofmengreateffortandcompletedevotion.

人们要掌握科学知识,必须作出巨大的努力并表现出无限的热忱。

Hesaidhe‘dcometothediscussion.

Theatmospheremoderatesdaytimetemperatureandretardsnighheatloss.

Thefrequency,wavelengthandspeedofsoundarecloselyrelated.

(二)根据语法需要增词

Tenses,articlesorpluralityaresometimesrequiredintranslation.

Strategy:supplywordstoshowpluralityortenses

Theyareleadingahappylife.他们现在过着幸福的生活。

Hewasthelatepresident‘salteregoandheisacloseandinfluentialfriendofthepresidentto

beinoffice.

他过去是已故总统的化身,而现在是即将就职的总统亲密而有影响的朋友。

Inthefilmsofthosedays,alltoooftenitwasthesameone:boytractordrivermeetsgirlstractor

driver;theyfallinloveanddrivetractortogether。

在那时的电影里,总是老一套;男拖拉机手和女拖拉机手始而相遇,继而相爱,终而并肩开

拖拉机了。

Itseemsthatasuccessfulscientistisfullofcuriosity.

Sincetheindustrialrevolutionbeganthephysicalsciencehasingeneralbeenintheforefrontof

thescientificmovement.

Afterwatchingforyears,hediscoveredimportantphenomena.

观察了数年之后他发现了许多重要现象。

Flowersbloomallovertheyard.朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。

Themountainsbegantothrowtheirlongblueshadowsoverthevalley.

群山已在山谷里开始投下蔚蓝色的长影

eviseoursafetyandsanitaryregulations.

meanoilbaron---allbyhimself.

5.Thedoctorwillgetmorepracticeoutofmethanoutofseventeenhundredordinarypatients.

eredaboutinthechillrain,thinkingandthinking,broodingandbrooding.中秋必背10首诗

ustatoneforblood.

Buttherehadbeentoomuchpublicityaboutmycase.

greatcontributions丰功伟绩gratitude感恩戴德

ingratitude忘恩负义prosperity繁荣昌盛

arrogance骄傲自大careless粗心大意

inchaos乌烟瘴气streetgossip街谈巷议

rumor流言蜚语

2.运用词的重叠

Ihadbeencompletelyhonestinmyreplies,withholdingnothing.

我的回答完全是坦坦荡荡,(直言无隐),不藏不掖。

Hischildren,too,wereasraggedandwildasiftheybelongedtonobody

他的那些孩子,也是穿得破破烂烂,粗野不堪,就象没有父母似的。

Withhistardiness,carelessandappallinggoodtemper,wehadnothingtodowithhim.

他老是磨磨蹭蹭,马马虎虎,脾气又好得惊人,我们都对他毫无办法。

Exercises

toanalyzeandsolveproblems.

ter―I‖representsI,―O‖owe,and―U‖you.

fulfilledourworkaheadofschedule,sohavethey.

shine,I‘llgothere.

tendmyheartiestcongratulationstothegreatChinesepeopleanditsCommunist

Party,throughyou,fortheglowingsuccessofyourtremendousrevolution,whichisnow

inspiringtheworld.

让我通过您最忠心地祝贺伟大的中国人民及其共产党,祝贺你们的巨大革命的辉煌胜利,这个胜

利正在鼓舞着全世界。

anbedecomposedbyenergy,acurrentofelectricity.

edofourselves,ofourprospects,ofthejourney,oftheweather,ofeachother---of

everythingbutourhostandhostess.

amiliesalsohadtheirowntroubles.幸福家庭有幸福家庭的苦恼。

rviolatesthedisciplinesshouldbecriticized.谁犯了纪律,谁就应该受到批评。

veenteredcollegeandothershavegonetothecountryside.

上大学的上大学了,下乡的下乡了。

edtosendthemmoreaid,moreweaponsandafewmoremen.

他想给他们增加些援助,增添些武器,增派些人员。

roficientbothasaflyerandasanavigator.他既精于飞行,又善于导航。

10Omission(4)

Objectives:

Afterlearningthissection,studentsshouldbeableto:

KnowwhyomissionshouldbeappliedinE-Ctranslation

Knowsixcircumstancesunderwhichomissionmaybeemployed.

ssionshouldbeused?

OmissionmeansthatthereisnonecessitytotranslateanEnglishwordorwordsintoChinese

inthe

frequencyofusingomissionisfairlyhighsoastoconformtothenormsinChineselanguage.

Categoryofomission

Weoftenemployomissionfromtwoaspects,thatis,grammaticalandrethoricalomission

Thesetwoperiodsgrammaticalomissionwillbethefocus.

ticalomission

Grammmaticalomissionusualycontainssixcircumstances:

nomission,onof―it‖,ctionomission,

eomission,itionomission,ission.

nomission

Casestudy:

nywonderfulideas,butIonlybutafewintopractice.

‘sthewayIam,andtryasImight,Ihaven‘tbeenabletochangeit.

andlearn.

nevertell.

nificanceofamanisnotinwhatheattainedbutratherinwhathelongstoattain.

handintomypocket.

ggedhisshoulders,shookhishead,castuphiseyes,butsaidnothing.

onof―it‖

Casestudy:

eitwaspitchdarkanditwasrainingcatsanddogs.

tissunnyandeveryfaceinthisclassseemstobelightenedbythesunshine.

epeoplewhoarereallypowerful.

eloveanddeaththataretheeternalthemesinpoemsanddramas.

ctionomission

Helookedgloomyandtroubled.

noryourfatheroryourwifeoryourcousinoryourbestfriendoryourboss…mightbe

aninformer….

Weknewspringwascomingaswehadseenarobin.

ercomes,canspringbefarbehind?

late,youhadbettergohome.

dupwithdistressastheexaminationended.

.eomission

seisausefulanimal.

tofthequestiontoflytothemooninthepast.

Exceptions:

ldrenareofanage.

itionomission

ndedin1949.

一九四九年中华人民共和国成立。中华人民共和国于一九四九年成立。

1,1997,HongKongreturnedtotheP.R.C.

gisprohibitedinpublicplaces.

plaintsareheardinal昭君怨 lpartsofthatcountry.

hadalreadyspreadalongthestreetsandlanes.

Exceptions:

dbythedesk.

behindthedoor.

ission

英语中一般要有谓语动词,但是汉语中谓语不一定要用动词充当,形容词或名词都可以,因

此在英语翻译成汉语的时候,有时我们会省略英语的谓语。主要有两种情况:

1。省略一些联系动词。2。省略一些与有动作含义的名词搭配的动用词。

1。Whenthepressuregetslow,theboilingpointbecomeslow.

rymustbeeffectedwithinthetimestatedonthepurchaseorder.

11AffirmationandNegation(5)

DuringtheprocessofE-CorC-Etranslation,duetodifferentwaysorhabitofexpressing,the

transferofaffirmativeexpressionintonegativeoneorviceversaisnotonlyfrequentbut

necessary.

Thereasonsofusingthismethodis,

first,toexpresstheexactmeaningofthesourcelanguagesmoothly;

second,toconformtonormsofthetargetlanguage

Excuseme.对不起。

―Don’tstopworking‖hesaid.他说,―继续干活吧‖/別停止工作

Hewentintotheinsecurebuilding.他走进那所危楼。他走进那所不安全的大楼。

Heknewhewasmortallyill.他知道他得的是不治之症。

Withoutreasoningoneisapttobebeyondcontrol.

没有理智容易变成不受约束。

A.从正面表达,译文从反面表达

1.动词

Suchachancedeniedme.我没有得到这样一个机会。

2.副词

A:Theboyisquiteclever.B:Exactly.甲:这孩子很聪明。乙:一点不错。

3.形容词

1)Itwouldbemostdisastrousifevenarumorofitweregiven.

甚至只要有一点点风声漏出去,结果就不堪设想。

2)Theexplanationisprettythin.这个解释是相当不充实的。

3)Hisrefusalisnotfinal.他的拒绝不是不可改变的。

4.前置词

1)Thisproblemisaboveme.这问题我不懂。(或:我解决不了)。

2)Itwasbeyondhispowertosignsuchacontract.他无权签订这种合同。

5.连接词

Theguerrillawouldfighttodeathbeforetheysurrender

游击队员宁愿战斗到死,而决不投降。

IwillnotgounlessIhearfromhim如果他不通知我,我就不去

6.名词

1)Byaboutsix-thirtythesoundsofaircraft,trucksandtankshadbecomequite

familiar,butaseriesofsmallexplosionsnearbyseemedtocausenewanxiety.

大约到六点半,大家对飞机、卡车和坦克的声音已经很习以为常了。但是附近一些轻微的

爆炸声似乎又造成了新的不安。

7.短语

1)Theislandersfoundthemselvesfarfromreadytofightthewar.

岛民发现自己远远没有做好作战准备。

2)Webelievethattheyoungergenerationwillproveworthyofourtrust.

我们相信,年轻一代将不会辜负我们的信任。

3)WhenPhilipmissedthelastbus,hewasatalosstoknowwhattodo.

菲利普误了最后一班公共汽车,茫然不知该怎么办。

8.句子

1)Ifitworkedonce,itcanworktwice.一次得手,再次不愁。

2)Myguessisasgoodasyours.我的猜测和你的一样好*/我的猜测并不比你的高明。

JohnbehavesaspolitelyasTom约翰的行为举止并不比汤姆的好

3)Thedecisionhastocome决定还没有做出*/必须得做出决定/必须有所决定

二.英语从反面表达,译文从正面表达

1.动词

1)Irodearoundwithhimonedayseeinghowtheshipsunloaded.

一天我和他乘车转了一转,看看船如何卸货。

2)Thedoubtwasstillunsolvedafterhisrepeatedexplanations.

虽经他一再解释,疑团仍然存在。

2.副词

1)Hecarelesslyglancedthroughthenoteandgotaway.

他马马虎虎地看了看那张便条就走了。

2)ManyagreedthatthePrimeMinisterhadineffectresigneddishonorably.

许多人认为首相辞职实际上是很丢面子的。

3.形容词

1)Hewasanindecisivesortofpersonandalwayscapricious.

他这个人优柔寡断,而且总是反复无常。

2)Allthearticlesareuntouchableinthemuseum.

博物馆内一切展品禁止触摸。

4.名词

1)Hemanifestedastrongdislikeforhisfather’sbusiness.

他对他的父亲的行业表示强烈的厌恶情绪。

2)Iwatchedwithdisbeliefasanumberwasputonmyrightforearm---82585.

当一个号码—82585刺在我右前臂时,我怀疑地看着。

5.短语

1)Don‘tlosetimeinpostingthisletter.赶快把这封信寄出去。

2)Theexaminationleftnodoubtthatthepatienthaddiedofcancer.

调查的结果清清楚楚说明病人死于癌症。

3)Students,withnoexception,aretohandintheirpapersthisafternoon.

今天下午学生统统要交书面作业。

6.句子

1)Suchflightscouldn’tlongescapenotice.

这类飞行不会隐瞒得太久*/这类飞行迟早会被人发觉。

2)AshurstsawatoncethatPhilwasnotallright.

艾舍斯特马上看到菲尓出了毛病。

Exercises:

whatwewantmost,butwhat,alas,manyuseworst.(adv.)

时间是我们最缺少的,但可叹之至,偏偏许多人最不善于利用。

Theyfeelgreatanxietyabouthissickness.他们对他的病情感到焦虑不安。

minalisstillatlarge.(phrase)罪犯还未捉拿归案。

1.I’mnewtothework.这工作我是生手。(这工作我不熟悉。)

eewithhismoney.他花钱大手大脚。(他花钱从不吝啬。)

izedthathewasintrouble.他意识到遇到麻烦了。(他感到自己的处境不妙。)

tionisnodistanceatall.车站近在咫尺。(车站一点儿也不远。)

’snolessthanafraud.这简直是一场骗局。(这无异于一场骗局。)

ksofartwereleftintact,themoneygone.

艺术品还在,钱却不翼而飞。(艺术品原封未动,钱却不翼而飞。)

snorulethathasnoexception.任何规则都有例外。

rrainsbutitpours.不雨则已,雨必倾盆。

possiblebutthatamanwillmakesomemistakes.人不会不犯错误。

reluctanttoacceptyourproposal.你的建议我愿意接受。

nificanceandimportancecanneverbeoveremphasized.

它的意义和重要性,不管怎样强调,也不算过分。

Roundabou超凡脱俗的意思是什么 tAffirmative

n’tfeelbetter.我觉得身体好极了。

n’tagreewithyoumore.我太赞成你的看法了。

’tseeyouquickenough.他很想尽快和你见面/他恨不得马上见到你

SomeTrapsinNegativeStructures

inedidn’tstopbecausethefuelwasfinished.

引擎并不是因为燃料耗尽而停止运转。

neverbeabletostresstoomuchforyourkindness.

不管我怎么感谢你,都不足以报恩于万一。

notbetoocarefulinproofreading.校对时,越仔细越好。

iesdidnotlooklikeastheydotoday.

在过去,城市并不都像今天这样个个千篇一律。

see,webothcannotgo.

但是我告诉你,我们俩不能同时都走。

onglanethathasnoend/turning.

路必有弯。(凡事总有变化,不会永远不变/天无绝人之路)(itbe+adj.+n.+that+否定句,

表示肯定)

illwindthatblowsnobodygood.坏事未必对人人都有害处。

Asthesayinggoes,―Menonlyweepwhendeeplyhurt.‖

俗话说:―男儿有泪不轻弹,皆因未到伤心处‖嘛。

Thesebasicconceptsmustbekeptinmindinourdiscussion.

我们讨论问题时,不能忘记这些基本点。

―’tbelong!‖

―我找老王说句话,马上就回来。‖

1)Theworldtodayisfarfrompeaceful.今天的世界还很不安宁。

2)Mattie’shandwasunderneath,andEthankepthisclaspedonitamomentlongerthan

necessary.

原译:玛提的手在下,伊桑把它握住,握得比必要的时间长了一会儿。

改译:玛提的手在下,伊桑把它握住,没有立刻松开。

iomaticExpressions

lice防暴警察(即anti-riotpolice,而不是暴乱的警察)

law反危机法案(即anti-crisislaw)

m反谍影片

ou,sir.先生,您先请。

Inflationistargetofbank‘snewpolicy

iomaticExpressions

Keepinlane!不准换线!Keepoffthelawn!请勿践踏草地!

Icouldn’tagreemorewithyou.我完全同意你的看法。

Justmakeyourselfathome.不要客气。/别见外。

Hewasthelastmantosaysuchthings.他绝不会说这样的话。

Theyarenon-locallaborersinBeijing他们是在北京打工的外地民工。

Wemustneverstoptakinganoptimisticviewoflife.我们要永远对生活抱乐观的态度。

esforAffirmation

’titfunny!真逗!

eratalossforaword;Pittisneveratalossfortheword.

原译:我要找一个词从不感到困难,可是皮特找个恰如其分的词却从不感到困难。

改译:我总是能凑合找个词儿说说,可是皮特什么时候都能找到恰如其分的词儿。

我总可以滔滔不绝,而皮特却总是字字珠玑

(1)我总能找到一个词,而皮特总能找到那个绝妙好词。

(2)我总能找到一个觉得妙的词,而皮特总能找到那个绝妙的好词。

(3)我总能找到一个意思相当的词,而皮特总能找到那个意思恰当的词。(4)我和皮特都能出

口成章,但我用的词大都不可言妙,而他用的总是妙不可言。

(5)我总是滔滔不绝,而皮特总是字字千金。

ephenwasintroducedtotheoldcouple,theysaidsimply,―We’vereadyour

ctedtomeetanolderman.‖

当史蒂夫被介绍给这对老年夫妇的时候,他们只是淡淡地说:―我们看过你的文章,没想到你这

么年轻。‖

tletownsuchthingscannotbedonewithoutremark.

在小镇上,这类事情少不了引起别人的注意。

ughtofreturningtohisnativelandneverdesertedhim.

归国的念头始终萦绕在他的心中。

esforNegation

’sathingthatmighthappentoanyman.

原译:这样的事情可能发生在任何人身上。改译:这种事情谁也难免。

okisafooltothatbothinplotandexecution.

这本书不论在情节上还是在写作技巧方面,都不及那一本。

Hewas75,buthecarriedhisyearslightly.他七十五岁了,可是并不显老。

Hisspeechleavesmuchtobedesired.他的讲话很不如人意。

Johnwasafoolfordanger.约翰是天不怕地不怕的。

Igaveyoucreditforbeingmoresensible.

我没有想到你这么愚蠢。

Pleasewithholdthedocumentforthetimebeing.

原译:请暂时扣下这份文件。改译:请暂时不要发这份文件。

Appearancesaredeceptive.外貌是靠不住的。

Whileshelikedhiswork,shepointedoutareaswhereimprovementwaspossible.

她在鉴赏他的作品的同时,又指出了它的不足之处。

ftofPerspective

nner,goodloser.胜不骄,败不馁。

‘tkeepyouwaitinglong.我一会儿就回来。

knesswasthinning,butthestreetwasstilldimlylighted.

天渐渐有些亮了,然而街上还亮着暗淡的灯光。

eslowlydownthehill,hiselbowsrestingonthewheel,hischincuppedinhis

hands。

他慢慢顺山坡向下开去,两肘支在方向盘上,双手托着下巴。

itsdiehard.积习难除。

nethetrainwillbelate.这趟火车十之八九要晚点。

In-classExercises:

otlookatthebed,andIkeptquiet.

losenotimeindispatchingourgoods.

3.(Howcouldwehaveanattractiveyounggirlinherewithsomebodylikeyouinthe

house?)You’dneverleaveheralone.

pieceofwork.

ttingbehindapint.

nt

他没往床上看,我也保持沉默。→他没往床上看,我也没出声。

请不要损失一点时间为我们发货。→请立即为我们发货。

你永远也不会打搅她的。→你会跟她纠缠不清的。

我知道他的老底,一个讨厌的家伙。→我知道他的老底,不是块好料。(不是个好东西。)

我坐在那里,面前放着一杯啤酒。

12TranslationofLongsentences

Procedures

Stage1:Comprehension

Skeletonform

Mainidea

Distinguishbetween…

Interrelations

Procedures

Stage2Presentation

Tentativetranslation

Rearrangeandsynthesize

Finishingtouches

Methods

Division,cutting,splitting

Reversing

Inserting

Recasting

on

Thepresidentsaidatapressconferencedominatedbyquestionsonyesterday\'s

electionresultsthathecouldnotexplainwhytheRepublicanshadsufferedsucha

widespreaddefeat,whichintheendwoulddeprivetheRepublicanPartyoflong-held

superiorityintheHouse.

在一次记者招待会上,问题集中于头一天的选举结果,总统就此发了言。他说他不能够解释为什

么共和党遭到了这样大的失败。这种情况最终会使共和党失去在众议院中长期享有的优势.

Behaviouristssuggestthatthechildwhoisraisedinanenvironmentwherethereare

manystimuliwhichdevelophisorhercapacityforappropriateresponseswill

experiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment.

行为主义者认为,如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境中成长,而这些刺激物能够发展其作出适

当反应的能力,那么这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展。

ThatiswhywethinkthateventheindependentAfricancountriesarealreadyqualifiedto

haveinternationalrelations.

我们认为即使是非洲的独立国家也已经有资格同国际发生关系,道理就在于此。

ing

It(formalsubject)

Itisgoodtotheorize,thatistosay,toanalysetheproblemsconfrontingusasanation

andelaborateanidealsolutionforeachofthem.

把我们作为一个民族所面临的问题提到理论上来加以分析并为每个问题制定一个理想的方案,这

是对的。

Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledgedthatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortunemustbe

inwantofawife.

凡是有钱的单身汉,总想娶位太太,这是一条举世公认的真理。

-clause

Thatweneedmoreequipmentisquiteobvious.我们需要更多设备,这是很明显的.

Thatthosewhohadlearnedfromusnowexcelleduswasarealchallenge.

向我们学的人反倒超过了我们,这确实对我们是一个促进。

edconstructions

Nolongerare\"separatebutequal\"schoolsregardedasbeingpermittedunderthe

\"equalprotectionofthelaws\"provisionofthe14thAmendment(修正案)tothe

Constitution.

根据宪法修正案第十四条关于―法律上受公平保护的条款,所谓―分隔而平等‖的学校,已不再视为

合法。

SuchishumannatureintheWestthatagreatmanypeopleareoftenwillingtosacrifice

higherpayfortheprivilegeofbecomingwhitecollarworkers.

许多人常常宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位,这在西方倒是人之常情。

Iamstruckbythepassionatededicationanddevotiontocountrybyallclassesofpeople,from

theleadershipdowntoallthecitizens.

这里各阶层人民,从领导到老百姓,都热情地忠于祖国,这使我印象很深

Attheopeningbanquet,Nixonseemedtohaveparaphrasedhishost\'spositionbysaying:

\"Thereareofcoursesomewhobelievethatthemereactofsayingastatementofprinciplesor

naive.‖

尼克松在欢迎宴会上说:―当然,有些人认为只要发表一项原则声明或举行一次外交会议就能带来

持久和平。这是天真的想法.‖尼克松这番话似乎是在阐述东道国的立场。

…usedthispreferencebysayingthat,ifshedidnotgo

tootherpeople‘sfunerals,theywouldnotcometohers.

…..每逢葬礼,她都一次不拉地前往参加。她说,要是她不去参加别人的葬礼。人家将来也不会

参加她的葬礼。她就是这样为自己的这种爱好进行辩解的。

ing

ThereisinfactastronglikelihoodthattheAdministrationwillpresideovera

100-billion-plusbudgetdeficitinthecurrentfiscalyear,puttingitspromisetobalancethe

budgetbyfiscal2009—whichbeginsinonlytwentymonths—firmlyoutofreach.

(美国)政府将要在本财政年度应付1000亿美元以上的预算赤字,这样就使其承诺—平衡2009年

财政年度(再过20个月才开始的年度)预算—根本无法实现。这是极有可能的事。

(美国)政府将要在本财政年度应付1000亿美元以上的预算赤字,这样就使它提出的平衡2009年

财政年度预算的诺言根本无法实现,而2009年财政年度要再过20个月才开始。遭致这种结局

是极有可能的。

In1582RichardMulcaster,oneoftheearliestEnglishgrammarianswhopaidattentionto

thisproblem,wrote\"theEnglishtongueisofsmallreach,stretchingnofurtherthanthis

islandofours(England),nay,notthereoverall.

1582年,理查德迈尔斯特—最早注意到这一问题的英语语法家之一—写道:―英语的流行范围

很小,充其量只在我们这个英格兰岛,甚至没有遍及全岛‖。

最早注意到这一问题的英语语法家之一理查德迈尔斯特1582年写道:―英语的流行范围很小,充

其量只在英格兰,而且并没有遍及全岛‖。

Themethodwaslargelydevelopedbyphysicists,chemistsandbiologists;itwaslateradopted

bypeopleworkinginsuchareasaseducation,psychologyandsociology,wherethesubjectsof

researchwereoftenpeople.

这种(科学)方法在很大程度上先是由物理学家、化学家和生物学家使用,后来为在教育学,心理

学和社会学等领域(其研究对象是人)工作的研究人员所采纳而发展起来的。

ing

IthasbeenmorethanayearsinceAlfredJackson,a38-year-oldBrooklynplumber,wasshot

nwantedtoparkinthespotwherethemanwas

walkinghisdog.

阿尔弗莱德杰克逊,38岁,原先是布鲁克林一个水暖工人。有一天他想在邻居遛狗的地方停放

汽车,竟被邻居开枪打死。这件事发生已经有一年多了。

Noonewilldenythatwhatwehavebeenabletodointhepastfiveyearsisespeciallystriking

inviewofthecrisisthatweinheritedfromthepreviousgovernment.

考虑到上届政府遗留下来的危机,我们在过去的五年里所能够取得的成就就尤其显著,这一点是

没有人可以否认的

13TranslationofAttributiveClauses

Thisisthecat.这就是那只猫。

Thisisthecatthatkilledtherat.这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫。

Thisisthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethecake.

*这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了蛋糕的老鼠的猫。

Thisisthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethecakethatlayinthehouse.

*这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了放在屋内的蛋糕的老鼠的猫。

ThisisthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethecakethatlayinthehousethatJackbuilt.

*这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了放在杰克造的房屋内的蛋糕的老鼠的猫。

这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫。老鼠偷吃了放在屋里的蛋糕。那屋是杰克盖的。

Nearlyeveryoneknowsthestoryof―thedogthatworriedthecatthatcaughttheratthatatethe

grainthatlayinthehousethatJackbuilt.‖

几乎人人都知道这个故事:―杰克盖了房,房里堆了粮,耗子把粮吃光,猫把耗子抓伤,

狗又把猫逼上房。‖

ctiveAttributiveClauses

e

ctiveAttributiveClauses

ation

Pollutionisapressingproblemwhichwemustdealwith.

污染是我们必须解决的一个迫切问题。

Intheroomwheretheelectroniccomputeriskept,theremustbenodustatall.

(在)存放电子计算机的房间里,不能有一点灰尘。

Ihavebutonelampbywhichmyfeetareguided.我只有一盏指路明灯。

on

1)省略英语的先行项

Thelungsaresubjectedtoseveraldiseaseswhicharetreatablebysurgery.

肺易受几种疾病的侵袭,但均可经手术治疗。

Afuelisamaterialwhichwillburnatareasonabletemperatureandproduceheat.

燃料是一种物质,在适当温度下能够燃烧并释放出热量。

2)重复英语的先行项

①,andashygirlwhoseemedeven

youngerthantheother.

席间,我发现自己坐在布拉得雷太太和一腼腆的女孩子中间;她看上去比其余人都年轻。

②Awriter—infacteveryoneofusinlife—needsthatloving-motherforcefromwhichall

creationflows…

一个作家——实际上生活中的每个人——都需要慈母的力量,它是创造一切的源泉。

TheyarestrivingfortheidealwhichisclosetotheheartofeveryChineseandforwhich,inthe

past,manyChinesehavelaiddowntheirlives.

他们正在为实现一个理想而努力,这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的,在过去,许多中国人为了

这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。

③Manpossessesanexpressivefacultythatgoesfarbeyondgestures,thatallowsandeven

compelshimtoexpresshisthoughts,feelings,dreams,andintuitions.

人类具有远远超过于手势的表达官能,这种官能不仅使人能够,而且使他要把思想、感情、幻梦、

直觉表达出来。

这些先行项的重复,有时用的是代词如①②,有时用的是限定词如③。汉译时,需重复先行项的

地方,就要重复。否则会影响意思的连贯和清楚。

Heinsistedonbuildinganotherhousewhichhehadnousefor.

―他坚持再建一座他不用的房子‖―他坚持再建一座房,这房他不用‖

?令读者莫名其妙。套用定语词组和并列分句形式。错。

他虽自己不用,但仍坚持再建一座房。

因为它含有状语从句的意思。英语定语从句——尤其是非限制性定语从句——有时兼有状语从句

的职能,可以表示时间、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果等等关系。

①Ithinkitwillgrowevenonnon-irrigatedlandwherethereisaforestbelt.

我想即使在没有灌溉的土地上,只要有一条树林带,它还是会生长的。(表条件)

②Inapersonalsense,Ithinkofmyeldestdaughter,whosebirthdayistoday.

就个人来讲,我想到我的大女儿,因为今天是她的生日。(表原因)

1).Youmustgrasptheconceptof―work‖whichisveryimportantinphysics.

必须掌握―功‖的概念,因为它在物理学中很重要。

2).Therewassomethingoriginal,independent,andheroicabouttheplanthatpleased

allofthem.

这个方案富于创造性,独具一格,因此他们都很喜欢。

这个方案富于创造性,独出心裁,很有魄力,所以他们都很喜欢。

e

―Weareanationthatmustbegtostayalive,‖saidaforeigneconomist.

一个外国经济学家说道,―我们这个国家不讨饭就活不下去。‖

Fortunately,therearesomechemicalfuelsthatarecleanandsmokeless.

幸好有些化学燃料是洁净无烟的。

Whatwerethehopesanddreamsthathadmadeofthemtheincrediblystubbornwarriors?

是什么希望,什么目标,什么理想使他们成为顽强到令人难以置信的战士

-restrictiveAttributiveClauses

ation

-restrictiveAttributiveClauses

on

Afterdinner,thefourkeynegotiatorsresumedtheirtalks,whichcontinuedintothe

night.

饭后,四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈,一直谈到深夜。

Onewasviolentthunderstorm,theworstIhadeverseen,whichobscuredmyobjective.

有一次是暴风骤雨,其猛烈程度实为我平生所仅见。这阵暴风雨遮住了我的目标。

Neverthelesstheproblemwassolvedsuccessfully,whichshowedthatthecomputations

wereaccurate.

不过,问题还是圆满地解决了,这说明计算很准确。

ation

Thesun,whichhadhiddenallday,nowcameoutinallitssplendor.

整天躲在云层里的太阳,现在又光芒四射了。

Helikedhissister,whowaswarmandpleasant,buthedidn‘tlikehisbrother,whowasaloof

andarrogant.

他喜欢热情愉快的妹妹,而不喜欢冷漠高傲的哥哥。

Non-restrictiveAttributiveClausesIntoChineseAdverbialClauses

Copper,whichisusedsowidelyforcarryingelectricity,offersverylittleresistance.

铜的电阻很小,因此被广泛用于输电。

Thescientist,whowasdog-tired,wentonwiththeexperiment.

那位科学家虽已筋疲力尽,但还是继续进行实验。

Menbecomedesperateforwork,anywork,whichwillhelpthemtokeepalivetheir

families.

人们极其迫切地要求工作,不管什么工作,只要能维持一家人的生活就行。

I’lltrytogetanillustrateddictionarydealingwithtechnicalglossary,whichwillenable

metotranslatescientificliteraturemoreexactly.

我要设法搞到一本有插图的技术用语词典,以便把科技文献译得更准确。

14Translationese

translationese?

translationese=foreignization?

Translationesereferstotheinferiorexpressionandwordingintranslationwhichisnotin

accordancewiththeChineselinguistichabitsorprofessionalhabits,thoughthereisnomuch

troublewiththecontentconveyance.

Communicativerhetoricaimstoeffectivecommunicationthroughtheuseoflexicaland

syntacticdevices,attachingimportancetoappropriatechoiceofwordsandconstructionof

sentencesforaccurateandlogical,conciseandconcrete,specificandsmoothexpressionof

ideas.

slight&Strongtranslationese:

ThefiercelightoftheburninghouselightedKino‘sfacestrongly.

燃烧中的房子的熊熊火光强烈地照亮了奇诺的脸。

房子在燃烧,熊熊火光把奇诺的脸映得通红。

Theirstrengthlayonlyinthelackofconsciousnessonthepartof

他们的力量在于人民缺乏觉悟。

他们之所以显得强大,只是因为人民还没有觉悟起来。

ShebeggedtheoldgentlemantogivethemoneytodearRebecca,whomustwantit,whileshe

lackedfornothing.

她请求老人把钱给真正需要钱的利蓓加,而她自己什么也不缺。

她求老人把钱送给利蓓加,因为她自己什么都有,利蓓加才真正需要钱。

ortnotedproposalsthateatinglessfatandmorefoodwithwholegrainsandother

fiberscanprotectagainstcancer.

译文:这份报告特别提到了少食脂肪,多吃含全面粉和其他纤维素的食物能预防癌症的那些建议。

修改:该报告(特别)提到,有人建议少吃脂肪,多吃全粮食品和其他含纤维素的食物,能预防

癌症。

dthatbeingoverweighthasbeenlinkedtosicknessanddeathfromsuchdiseases

ashighbloodpressure,diabetes,heartdiseaseandgallbladderdisease.

译文:报告指出,过胖与疾病及诸如高血压、糖尿病、心脏病和胆囊疾病引起的死亡有关。

修改:报告指出,肥胖会导致高血压、糖尿病、心脏病和胆囊等方面的疾病,甚至造成死亡。

eYourStudyHabits(title)

改进你的学习习惯。改进你的学习方法。养成良好的学习习惯。

theofficialkindofstrike.

译文:这是一种官方的罢工。修改:这是工会组织的罢工。

oldhimwhatIhadjustdoneandwhy,hisweatheredfaceslowlychanged

译文:当我把刚才做的事情告诉他并解释原因时,他那饱经风霜的脸慢慢地变了。

修改:我把刚才做的事情告诉他并作了解释,他饱经风霜的脸上,脸色慢慢地变了。

okafinallookatIronMike,stillintactinthedarkness.

译文:最后他们看了铁麦克一眼——它仍然安然无恙地耸立在黑暗中。

修改:最后他们看了麦克的铁像——它仍然完好无缺地耸立在黑暗中。

‘tseeanyrealbasisformarriageexceptintermsofitsbeingamechanicalunit,that

societymusthavetoexist.

译文:关于婚姻,在我看来它只不过是一个机械单位,此外,我看不出它有任何真正的基础。而

这样的机械单位是社会存在所必需的。

修改:我认为婚姻无非就是为了建立由丈夫妻子组成的家庭,这个社会赖以生存的单位。

dyfoundthatnon-smokingwivesofmenwhosmokecigarettesfaceamuchgreater

ecigarettessmokedbythehusband,

thegreaterthethreatfacedbyhisnon-smokingwife.

译文:这项研究发现抽烟男子的不抽烟妻子罹患肺癌的危险比一般人大的多,丈夫烟抽得越多,

其不抽烟的妻子面临的威胁越大。

修改:这项研究表明,妻子不抽烟丈夫抽烟,妻子得肺癌的危险性比一般人大的多。丈夫抽的烟

越多,妻子受到的威胁也就越大。

Thehumofthemachinesendedforevertheage-oldsilenceonthevirginland.

机器的轰鸣声从此结束了这片处女地千百年来的寂静。

机器的轰鸣声从此打破了这片处女地千百年来的寂静。

breakoutofthepotthatholdsusin.

译文:我们的儿子一定得进学校。他一定得打破这个把我们关在里面的罐子。

修改:我们的儿子一定要上学,一定要出人头地。

partsofit,theonlylawisthelawofthejungle.

译文:这是一个危险的充满暴力的城市。在有些地方,唯一的原则就是森林法则。

修改:这是一个危险的充满暴力的城市。在有些地方,唯一的原则就是弱肉强食。

Apersonneldeficithasexistedforyearsinthecompany.

公司里人员赤字已经存在好多年了。

。。。人手不足的情况,

Formanyfamilies,especiallyinSingapore,twoincomesareanecessity.

对许多家庭来说,夫妇两人都出去工作赚钱,是迫不得已的事,在新加坡尤其如此。

Doctorshadrecommendedthatbabiesbelaiddowntosleepontheirstomachsforfearthey

mightchokeiftheyvomitedintheirsleep.

However,thisviewhaslatterbeendiscreditedanddoctorsnowadviseparentstolaytheir

infantsintheirbacks.

IbelievethenthatIwoulddiehere,andIsawwithaterribleclaritythethingsofthevalley

below.

这时我觉得我要死在那儿了,而下面山谷里的景致却看得异常清晰。

Howtoovercometranslationese?

1)toimprovetheacceptabilityandreadability

Thesethreestepsconstitutedanepochaladvance.

由于采取了以上三个步骤,我们取得了划时代的进步

Thethoughtthatshewouldbeseparatedfromherhusbandduringhislonganddangerous

.

布朗太太一想到丈夫踏上那漫长而危险的旅途,而此间她又不能跟他在一起,心里不禁感到难过。

Ihadnoideaaboutit,untilyoutoldme.在你告诉我之前,我对此一无所知。

Hewalkedwhenhemighthavetakenacar.尽管他可以乘汽车去的,他还是步行了

Whenhesawme,hewasstartled.他看见我,吓了一大跳。

2)Practicalabilitiesattainedfromtranslationpractice,studyandcriticism

(1)Languagesensibility

renoplacesleftontheearththatthefootofmanhasnottrodden.

译文A:地球上所有的地方都有人走过。

译文B:地球上绝无人迹的地方是没有的。

译文C:地球上的任何地方无不留下人类的足迹。

(2).Contextualanalysis

Chinese:TheAmericanwayofdoingbusinessoftenstrikesusChineseasveryaggressive.

WereyouawareofthisinyourcollaborationwithyourChinesecolleagues?

美国式的经营之道在我们中国人看来常常显得咄咄逼人。您在与中国同事的合作中有无注意到

这一点?

American:Well,wearemoredirectandstraightforwardthanmostChinese,Iwouldsay,due

toourculturaltradition.

这么嘛,我认为,由于我们有着不同的文化传统,我们同大多数中国人相比显得较为直截了当,

开门见山。

(3).Logicalthinking

Verylittleofourfood,whethercarbohydrate,fatorprotein,iscapableinitsunalteredformof

nourishingthebody.

译文:食物,不论是碳水化合物、脂肪或蛋白质,很少能以未经转化的状态营养身体。

修改:食物中的各种成分,无论是碳水化合物、脂肪还是蛋白质,都是由极少部分能从未转化的

形式向身体提供养料的。

15MeaninginTranslation

•AccordingtoPeterNewmark(1988:4),translationis―renderingthemeaningofatextinto

anotherlanguageinthewaythattheauthorintendedthetext‖

•Meaningiscomplicated:Aword‘smeaningcannotbesimplygainedbyconsultingthe

dictionary,becausethedictionarydefinitionsofawordare―context-free‖

Differenttypesofmeanings:

•conceptualmeaning/associativemeaning

•CharlesMorris’threetypesofmeanings:referentialmeaning(therelationshipbetween

signsandentitiesintheworld)/pragmaticmeaning(therelationshipbetweensignsandtheir

users)/intralingualmeaning(therelationshipbetweendifferentsigns).

•Leech‘sseventypesofmeanings:

•1ConceptualMeaning(概念)(isthebasicmeaningpresentedbymeaningfullinguisticunits.)

•Associativemeaningincludedthecontentsasfollow:

•2Connotativemeaning(内涵意义):(isthecommunicativevalueanexpressionhasinadditionto

―women‖)

•3Socialmeaning(社会意义):itiswhatapieceoflanguageconveysaboutthesocial

―residence‖and―domicile‖)

•4Affectivemeaning(情感意义):iscommunicatedwhenthefeelingsorattitudesareexpressed

inlanguage

•5Reflectedmeaning(影射含义):e

―theComforter‖and―the

HolyGhost‖areallrefertotheGod.

•6Collocativemeaning(搭配意义):itisconsistsofassociationsawordgetsfromthosewords

thata夜雨剪春韭 reoftenusedtogetherwithit.

•7Thematicmeaning(专题意义):itiswhatiscommunicatedbythewayinwhichaspeakeror

writerorganizesamessage,intermsofordering,focus,activesentences

andpassivemeaning.

•ndconceptualmeaning

•2.1Wordsandculture-specificconceptualmeaning(totalequivalent)

•2.1.1Wordsandgeography

•TheMississippi蜜西西河

•TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国

•TheThames泰晤士河

•TheCommonwealthofAustralia澳大利亚联邦

•2.1.2Wordsandhistory

•TheMayFlower(五月花)

•TheRevolutionaryWarorWarofIndependence(独立战争)

•Hippie(嬉皮士)Duke(公爵)Knight(骑士)Castle(城堡)

•2.1.3WordsandPolitics

•UnitedStatesPresident(总统)Congress(国会)SupremeCourt(高级法院)

•DemocraticParty(美国民主党)RepublicanParty(美国共和党)

•2.2Englishwordsthatcorrespondpartiallyinconceptualmeaningwiththeirtranslation

equivalentsinChinese(Onewordwithmultipleequivalent)

•2.2.1Onewordwithmultipleequivalentofthesamemeanings:

•Wife/potato/die:

•2.2.2Onewordwithmultipleequivalentsofdifferentmeanings:

•cousin/president/carry

•ndassociativemeaning

•3.1Wordsandconnotativemeaning

•book:C:containknowledgeandwisdomforpeople,youthmustlearn

•E:itexpressideasforpeopletoconsider,toagreeordisagree,andtocomment

•Sexy:C:connotesloosesexmorality

•E:itisapositivehumanquality

•Old,young:

•C:youngmeansinexperienced,nsmature,skilledandexperienced.

•E:youngmeansflexible,vigorous,nstraditional,senile,anduseless.

•Peasant:

•C:doesn‘thavederogatoryconnotations.

•E:ithasderogatory

•Landlord,capitalist,boss:

•C:arepejorativeinChinese

•E:not

•Individualism:

•C:itismeansselfishness

•E:itispositiveterm

3.2Wordsandsocialmeaning

•AEBEChinese

•bootsriding-boots,Wellingtons长筒靴

•Overcoatgreatcoat大衣

•pantstrousers裤子

•vestwaistcoat西服背心

•sneakersgymshoes运动鞋

•zipperzip拉链

TherearealsomanytriplesofsynonymsinEnglish

•EnglishFrenchLatin

•fastfirmsecure

•askquestioninterrogate

•fireflameconflagration

•risemountascend

•timeageepoch

•shutcloseconclude

•3.3Wordsandcollocativemeaning.

•Vice:President,chairman,chancellor,consul,governor,etc

•Associate:Professor,editor,director,etc

•Depute:Chairman,command-in-chief,mayor,head,etc.

Lieutenant(陆军中尉):Governor,general,colonel,etc

副:总统、主席、市长、总督、国务卿、领事、校长、教授、主编、指挥等

•中:将、校等

Noequivalent

•anexplanationisgiveninsteadofanequivalent

•Teenagercouch-potato…Jiaozi(dumpling)……clock-watcher:

•couch-potato:整天窝在沙发里看电视的人

•(目不识)丁:(notknowone’s)ABC

•干妈:nominallyadoptedmother;godmother

•缘分:fateorchancethatbringspeopletogether

•Becausetheexpressionsindifferentlanguagesaredifferent,inmanycases,theforms

looksimilar,however,theyconveydifferentmeanings.

•compactdisc激光唱片biologicalparents亲生父母awhitenight不眠之夜

•apieceofcake小菜一碟agreenhand生手,新手blacksheep害群之马

•whitelie善意的谎言whiteelephant华而不实的东西黄色书刊/影片bluebook/film

•比较:yellowpress以耸人听闻的方式报道新闻

•bepurplewithrage脸气得发青onceinabluemoon千载难逢

•bringcoaltoNewcastle:多此一举

•Dutchauction(courage,bargain),降价或拍卖,{酒后之勇,不公平的交易}

•goDutch均摊费用beinDutch陷入麻烦

•Studiesservefordelight,hiefusefordelightisin

privatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgment

anddispositionofbusiness.

•读书足以怡情,足以博采,足以长才。其怡情也,最见于独处幽居之时;其博采也,最见于高谈

阔论之中;其长才也,最见于处世判事之际。

好了歌

•世人都晓神仙好,惟有功名忘不了,

•古今将相在何方,荒冢一堆草没了。

•世人都晓神仙好,只有金银忘不了,

•终朝只恨聚无多,及到多时眼闭了。

•世人都晓神仙好,只有娇妻忘不了,

•君生日日说恩情,君死又随人去了。

•世人都晓神仙好,只有儿孙忘不了,

•痴心父母古来多,孝顺儿孙谁见了。

•TheWon-DoneSong

•Menallknowthatsalvationshouldbewon,

•Butwithambitionwon’thavedone,havedone.

•Wherearethefamousonesofdaysgoneby?

•Ingrassygravestheylienow,everyone.

•Menallknowthatsalvationshouldbewon,

•Butwiththeirricheswon’thavedone,havedone.

•Eachday,theygrumblethey’venotmadeenough,

•Whenthey’veenough,it’sgoodnighteveryone!

•Menallknowthatsalvationshouldbewon,

•Butwiththeirlovingwivestheywon’thavedone.

•Thedarlingseverydayprotesttheirlove,

•Butonceyouaredead,they’reoffwithanotherone.

•Menallknowthatsalvationshouldbewon,

•Butwiththeirchildrenwon’thavedone,havedone.

•Yetthoughofparentsfondthereisnolack,

•OfgratefulchildrensawIne’erone.

16TranslationandDiscourse

Topic

lawareness(语篇概念与语篇意识)

cunit(动态单位)(语篇作为翻译单位)

on,Coherence(衔接与连贯)

nization,Rewriting(翻译策略:重组或重写)

Discourse(text)

翻译的单位

cohesionandcoherence(衔接与连贯)

4.2.3衔接与连贯(cohesionandcoherence)(续2)

胡壮麟(1994)认为主位推进最基本的三种模式是:

1)T1→T2,重复前句中的主位,即第一句中的主位继续成为第二句的主位;

例1Thepresident(T1)(T2)hastospendmuch

ofhistimebeingapoliticianratherthanbeinganexecutive.

2)R1→T2,前句述位的某个内容发展成为第二句的主位;

例2Weelectlocal,stateandfederalofficialstomakelaws(R1).Theselaws(T2)keeporder

insociety(R2).Theorderofsociety(T3)providesuswithasafelivingenvironment.

3)T1+R1=T2,第一句主位和述位的内容一起产生下一句的主位。

由于思想表达的复杂性,这几种模式往往在英语的段落中结合在一起,从一个句子很流畅地过渡

到下一个句子,使语言信息合乎逻辑地相互衔接在一起。

例3TomandPeter(T1)decidedtovisitaremotevillage(R1).However,theirexpedition(T2)

didnotgoasexpected.

cohesionandcoherence(衔接与连贯)

Translatethefollowingsentences

Reorganization/Rewriting/Re-arrangementofinformation(信息重组)

csismadefromwaterwhichisanaturalresourceinexhaustibleandavailable

everywhere,coalwhichcanbeminedthroughautomaticandmechanicalprocessatlow

costandlimewhichcanbeobtainedfromthecalcinationsoflimestonewidelypresent

innature.

译1:塑料是由无处不在、取之不绝的自然资源——水,通过自动化或机械化方式可以采得的煤

以及成本较低、通过煅烧自然界广泛存在的石灰石取得的石灰制造而成的。

译2:塑料由水、煤和石灰制造而成。水是无处不在、取之不尽的自然资源;煤可以通过自动化

或机械化方式采得,成本低廉;石灰则可以通过燃烧自然界广泛存在的石灰石获得。

sdressedthemselves,hidtheiraccoutrementsandwentoffgrievingthat

therewerenooutlawsanymore,andwonderingwhatmoderncivilizationcouldclaimto

havedonetocompensatefortheirloss.

译1:两个孩子穿上衣服,藏好装备,离开了树林,惋惜现在没有绿林好汉了,也不知道现代

文明能说已经采取什么措施来弥补他们的损失。

译2:(两个)孩子穿上衣服,藏好装备,怀着悲伤和疑惑的心情离开了(树林)。悲伤,是

因为如今已经不再有绿林好汉;疑惑,是因为他们不知道现代文明到底采取了什么措施来弥补他

们的损失。

sthatstudentswhowereeasytoteach,becausetheysucceededinputting

whattheyhadbeentaughtintopractice,hesitatewhenconfrontedwiththevast

untouchedareaofEnglishvocabularyandusagewhichfallsoutsidethescopeofbasic

textbooks.

他发现,学生们起初很容易教,因为他们能把教给他们的东西付诸实践,然而现在,面对着大量

未曾接触过的英语词汇和用法,他们却踌躇起来,因为这些词汇和用法都是基础教科书里没有涉

及到的内容。

hnewspapers–allofthemsomeofthetime,andsomeofthemallthetime–

trudeunnecessarilyandoftenhurtfullyintopeople’s

privacy;andtheypublishinaccurate,timshavelittle

arerichandthearticleisdefamatory,nnot

affordtodoso,

competition,particularlybetweentabloidnewspapers,leadstomorefeetinmoredoors.

4.英国的报纸有两点做得很不象话。一是无端侵犯别人的私生活,并往往给人造成精神上的伤

害;二是刊登失实的,有时甚至是无中生有的报道。所有的报纸都无一例外,有的偶尔为之,有

的则几乎天天如此。受害人名誉受损,但得不到什么洗刷。受害人若是有钱人家,加上报纸刊登

的文章又确是恶意中伤,那么他便可以诽谤罪向法院起诉。但大多数受害人是打不起这种官司的。

即使是有钱人也不能使自己的隐私免受侵犯。各种报纸之间,特别是各种图片小报之间的激烈竞

争,导致这种寻觅个人和家庭隐私材料作报道的行为日见其多。

17FeaturesofEST

(1)非人称主语(Impersonal)

(Theauthorthinksthat…/Theauthorshaveinvestigated…/Thispaperillustrates…)

(2)语气正式(FormalinModeofSpeech)

(3)陈述客观、准确(Objectiveand

AccurateinStatement)

(4)语言规范(StandardinLanguage)

(5)文体质朴(Unadornedinstylistics)

(6)逻辑性强(StrictinLogic)

(7)专业术语性强(ConcentratedinTechnicalTerms)

Thegenerallayoutoftheilluminationsystemandlensesofthemicroscopecorrespondstothe

ctron―gun‖whichproducestheelectronsisequivalentto

ctronsareacceleratedbyahigh-voltage

potential(usually40,000to100000volts),andpassthroughacondenserlenssystemusually

temconcentratesthebeamontothespecimen,andthe

alimagesintheelectronmicroscope

sreason,thelenses

thatareequivalentoftheeyepieceinanopticalmicroscopearecalled―projector‖lenses.

(FromThornleyGC,FurtherScientificEnglishPractice)

ConcentratedinTechnicalTerms

Itispossibletoprovethatasthenumberoftossesofcoinisincreasedindefinitely,or―toinfinity‖,

sothkindof

malorGaussiandistributionisvery

importantbecauseitarisesveryofteninpracticeandalsobecauseitisveryimportantintheory.

Manydistributionslikebinomialtendtobecomemoreandmorelikethenormalasthenumberof

eventsorthesizeofthesampleincreases.

Englishforscienceandtechnology

words,technicalterms

ive:relyingonfacts,notinvolveemotion

seldomusefiguresofspeech,exclamation

theuseofpresenttense

theuseofpassivevoice

ces:

a)complete

nocontractions(dep\'t–department)

b)long1)complexsentences2)appositions3)logicalconnectors

suchas:however;but;also;yet;finally;while;as;so;etc.

CriteriainWriting&TranslationofEST

Precision,clarity,brevity

Thesethreecriteriaarehighlydesirableinscientificwritingbuttheyshouldalwaysbe

consideredinthatorder.

NOabsolutestyle

characteristicsofany

kindoflanguagestyleisnotabsolute.

Inordertomeettheneedsoftheworkforpopularscience,manyscientificworkerstry

erecomesapopularscientificandtechnical

writingstyle.

SeveralTendencies:

AbandonESTStereotype,DullnessandHeaviness

Fewertechnicalterms

Personalsubject

Morepopularstyle

Butnotmainstream

_

18IdiomsandTranslation

pics:EnglishidiomsintoChinese;properuseof4-characterstructurefor

polishing;somerelevantproblems;contextandtranslation

ilologiststhinkitbettertoexpressideasclearlyandplainly,notina

roundaboutway.

Languagetendstobemetaphoricalandpeopletendtoissuetheirthoughtsindirectlyby

standforoneofthem,thoughsomehave

becomebanalities(trite,cliche)

Idiomsineachlanguageoftenreflecttheethnicalflavorandculturalfeaturesofanation

duetotheuseofvariousimagesandrhetoricaldevicespeculiartotheirrespective

culture.

Culture-loadedidiomsfrequentlyposedifficultiesintranslation.

isonofidiomsbetweenEnglishandChinese

rities

ity:constituentscannotbechanged

topluckupone‘sheart鼓起勇气beonone‘smettle/nerveoneself/takeheartofgrace

sickasadog:muchill

torestonone‘soars:havearestforawhile

beallatsea:ataloss

beundertheweather:uncomfortable

tomakebrickswithoutstraw:fruitlesslabour

**Changesoutofrhetoricoremotion

iation

thelaststraw:thelaststrike—Itisthelaststrawthatbreakthecamel’sback

makehay:makeuseofchances—Makehaywhilethesunshines.

tution

burnone’sboats:destroyallmeansofgoingback—burnone’sbridges

bedressedtotheteeth浓妆艳抹:makeuptothefull/paintedbright-coloredand

beautiful—bearmedtotheteeth

fromposttopillar:fromoneplacetoanother;hitherandthither—frompillartopost

onandoff:fromtimetotime,occasionally—offandon

ess(integrity):regardedasawhole,meaningcannotbeguessedfrom

constituents

ntuseofrhetoricaldevicestoenhancetheeffort

ration

asfitasafiddle:perfectlyhealthy

atsixesandsevens:indisorder

throughthickandthin:faithfully,throughbothgoodandbadtimes不畏艰难险阻

partandparcel:themostimportantpartthatcannotbeseparatedfromthewhole

highanddry:withouthelp,deserted

fairandsquare:honestly,justly

byhookandcrook:byanypossiblemeans

byandby(inf):beforelong,soon

throughandthrough:completely,ineveryway

measureformeasure:tit-for-tat,bediametricallyopposedto

esis对偶

highandlow:everywhere

rainorshine:anyhow,inanyevent

farandnear/farandwide:everywhere

yillogicalandungrammatical

tomakebelieve:pretend

upsanddowns:riseandfall,fluctuations

insandouts:thevariouspartsanddifficultiestobeseen

tohaveone‘sheartinone‘smouth:verysurprised

tocryone‘seyesout:tocryverybitterly

ascloseasthieves:veryclose

artothelanguageandculture

Pennywise,poundfoolish.小事聪明,大事糊涂

Pandora’sbox:originofallevils

Raincatsanddogs:rainheavily

Homersometimesnods.智者千虑,必有一失eventhewisearenotalwaysfreefromerror;

nomaniswiseatalltimes

ities

entorigins

actice

acardupone’ssleeve:wisecounsel锦囊妙计—playingcards

neckandneck:withanequalchanceofwinning—horse-racing

chanceone’sarm:makeariskytry—boxing

ploughthesands:beattheair—agriculture

knowtheropes:knowwellaboutsomething—sailing

on

notknowsomebodyfromAdam:completelystrange

rootandbranch:completely

thepatienceofJob:greatpatience—intheOldTestament,anuprightmanwhosefaithin

Godsurvivedthetestofrepeatedcalamities

ture

outofjoint:disorderly—Hamlet

hitthemark:achievethegoal—RomeoandJuliet

cryforthemoon:desirestronglyforsomethingthatcannotbegained—BleakHouse

neversaydie:notbepessimistic—Pickwick

andmyth

crywolf:callforhelpunnecessarily,riskingthefuturepossibleneed—AesopFables

Achilles’heel:aweakpoint—Homer

CuttheGordianknot:solvethecomplicatedproblem—Greekmyth

pureandsimple:purely—French

psychologicalmoment:crucialpoint—German

English:idiomaticexpression;proverb;commonsaying;maxim

Chinese:熟语:成语,谚语,格言,歇后语

ure

English:fixedform,fromtwowordstoawholesentence

Chinese:95%fourcharacterstructure

entculturalbackground

Everydoghashisday.凡人皆有得意日

whenone’sshipcomeshome:ifonebecomesrich.

plainsailing:getonwell进展顺利drinklikea炙手可热 fish:牛饮

likemushrooms:雨后春笋(bambooshoots)marble-hearted:铁石心肠cold-hearted

asweakaswater:弱不禁风veryweakgothroughfireandwater:赴汤蹈火

ranslation

isonshowsthestrikingdifferences:imagesandfigures

ClassificationofEnglishidiomsinto3types

(1)thosewithimageswhichhavecorrespondingChineseidiomsorexpressions;

(2)thosewithimagesandfigureswhichhavenocounterpartsinChinese,somecanbe

translatedliterallywithfurtherinterpretation;sometranslatedliberally;somebe

replacedbyready-madeChineseidioms

(3)thosewithoutimagesandfigures,almostallbetranslatedliberally

softranslatingEnglishidioms

(1)Literaltranslation

LTservestopreservetheoriginalflavorandnationalfeaturesandintroducefresh

expressionstoenrichChineselanguage—essentialmethod

Chinesereadersnowfamiliarwithsomeidiomsliterallytranslated—readabilityis

changeableandtranslatabilityisdynamicratherstatic

aneyeforaneyeandatoothforatooth(TheBible):apunishmentwhichhurtsthe

criminalinthesamewayashehurtssomebodyelse以眼还眼,以牙还牙

Bloodisthickerthanwater:relativesarereallymoreimportantthanfriends血浓于水

Arollingstonegathersnomoss:apersonwhoisalwayschangingworkorplaceofwork

doesnotsucceedorbecomerich滚石不生苔(gstone:apersonwhohasno

settledhomeandwayoflife)

Littlechipslightgreatfire:小小木片可以燃起大火;cf.星星之火,可以燎原

toplaytheJudas:tobecomeatraitor当犹大

bepackedlikesardines:beverycrowded挤得像沙丁鱼

astick-and-carrotpolicy:usebothhardandsofttactics;couplethreatswithpromises大

棒加胡萝卜政策

theswordofDamocles:somethingbadthatmayhappenatanytime达摩克里斯之剑

(Greekfolklegend,Greekcourtierwhoaccordingtolegendwasforcedtositata

banquettableunderaswordsuspendedbyasinglehairtodemonstratethe

precariousnessofaking\'sfortunes)

aTrojanhorse/ivorytower/shedcrocodile’stears/killtwobirdswithonestone/be

armedtotheteeth/strikewhiletheironishot/fishintroubledwater/topraisetothe

skies/darkhorse/

Notes

*Literaltranslationleadstopoorreadability

*Avoiddeadtranslation

*Readability,translatability,readingexpectation,allarechangeable—onlytimecantell

thestoryoftranslation

(2)Literaltranslationplusinterpretation—compromise(bestway)—lessexamples

beinthesameboat:同舟共济Wallshaveears.隔墙有耳

Manproposes,Goddisposes.谋事在人,成事在天

(3)Liberaltranslation—omittheimagesandfigures,onlypreservemeaning—lossofthe

formalfeaturesandnationalculture

withimagesandfigures

toputalleggsinonebasket:(inf)tomakeallplansdependonthesuccessofonething;

riskeverythingononeattempt,asbyputtingallone’smoneyintoonebusiness孤注一掷

awhitelie:alietoldsoasnottohurtsomeoneelse,andthereforenotthoughtofasa

badaction善意的谎言

meetone’sWaterloo:becompletelydefeated遭到惨败,一败涂地—cf.败走麦城(三国)

Timeandtidewaitfornoman.时不我待

kickthebucket(slang):todie翘辫子,归西,蹬腿

aspooraschurchmice:extremelypoor穷到极点,一贫如洗

worklikeabeaver海狸(sharpincisors门牙adaptedforgnawingbark,fellingtrees,and

constructingdamsandunderwaterlodges):workindustriously勤奋工作

putone’sbackintosomething:goallout,doeverythinginone\'spower/withallone’s

strength全力以赴

Deathpaysalldebts.一死百了

redtape:officialformsandprocedures,especiallywhenoppressivelycomplexandtime

consuming繁文缛节/文牍主义/官僚作风

eatlikeahorse:eatalot吃得很多

withoutimagesandfigures

bringforth:produce,rthto

putforward:offer(idea,suggestion)forconsideration

taketo:like喜欢;开始从事

(4)Substitution—idiomswithsimilarmeaningbutdifferentimagesandfigures—cultural

misleading—translatewithcare

blacksheep害群之马astimidasarabbit胆小如鼠

tospendmoneylikewater挥金如土likeaducktowater如鱼得水

alionintheway拦路虎betweenthedevilandthedeepsea进退两难,进退维谷

togoforwoolandcomebackshorn偷鸡不成反蚀把米

sixofoneandhalfadozenoftheother半斤八两

sitonthorns如坐针毡putonairs摆架子

athornintheflesh眼中钉attheendofone’srope山穷水尽

Thespiritiswilling,butthefleshisweak.心有余而力不足

likeacatonhotbricks热锅上的蚂蚁havesomethingatone’sfinger’send了如指掌

asdrunkasamouse烂醉如泥ascoolasacucumber泰然自若

asstupidasagoose蠢得像猪ashungryasabear饿得像狼

castpearlsbeforetheswine明珠投暗cf.对牛弹琴

turnsomebody’sbatteryagainsthimself以子之矛攻子之盾(battery排炮)

(5)Combinationofmethods—idiomscanbetranslateddifferentlyaccordingtocontext

Tokilltwobirdswithonestone.一石二鸟/一箭双雕/一举两得

Twoheadsarebetterthanone.两人智慧胜一人/一脑难敌二人脑

Childisthefatherofman.孩子是成人的父亲//三岁定到老//三岁看大,七岁看老

tandIdiomTranslation

ityofIdioms—morethanonemeaning

toplaythefirstfiddle:第一小提琴手;居首要位置occupyinganimportantposition

tobenotinthesamestreet:不在同一条街上;在品质、能力等方面远不如notofthesame

goodstandardas

togohome:回家;击中要害tothepoint

togototown:进城;下工夫,费大劲toactorbehavefreelyorwildly,dingagreat

dealofmoney

tohangupone’shat(inanother’shouse):挂帽子;旧留不去,长期居住(NECD)stopdoing

ahabitualactivity,’swork(LDCE)—Attheageof60,hehunguphishatforthe

lasttime.

tospillthebeans:撒豆子;泄密tellasecrettoosoonortothewrongperson

tandidiomtranslation

urshirton,wehaveplentyoftimetocatchthetrain.(keepone’shairon:inf.

keepcalm,don’tworry)

别太紧张了,我们有足够的时间赶上火车

Daddy,keepyourshirton,please!I’msorry,butthetrafficwasverybadtoday.

老爸,求您别发火,我很抱歉,但是今天交通堵塞得厉害。

eatseemedinevitablebutcontrarytoallexpectationhecameoffwithflying

colors.(withgreatsuccess)

他失败看起来好象是不可避免的,但是出乎意料之外,他却大大成功。

Hepassedhisfinalexaminationwithflyingcolors.他的期末考试成绩优异。

friendsarehandandglovewitheachother.亲密无间

Judgesandothersinhighofficearehandandglovewithgangstertocheatandsteal.狼狈为奸

19Characteristicsofadvertisement

Attentionvalue(attractingpeople’sattention)

Memoryvalue(easytoremember)

Readability(interesting)

Loadedpersuasion(arousingpeople’sdesiretobuy)

Standardofadvertisements:brevity,novelty,sonority,elegance,relevance

TranslationofBrandNames

Themostimportantfeatureoftrademarksdoesnotlieintheirclear,specificmeaning

butintheiruniqueness,whichmakethemeasytorememberwhileprovidingsome

aestheticenjoyment.

translationlaysmuchimportanceinseekingphoneticiconicity,sothatpeoplecan

easilyidentifythesametrademarkexpressedindifferentlanguages.

Transliterated/creativeness

Casestudiesoftrademarks

CokeCola:可口可乐(c.f.―口柯口腊‖)PizzaHut必胜客

Crest佳洁士Xerox施乐HP(HewlettPachard)惠普

HeadandShoulder海飞丝Poison百爱神Sportsman斯波兹曼

Housewife好伺我夫Opium鸦片Arche雅倩

Sportswear

Nike,Puma,Reebok,耐克彪马锐步

Howdothesetranslatedtrademarksimpresspeople?

SoundEffects

MercedesBenz

Comparethefollowingtransliteration:

梅赛德斯本茨

平治房车、宾士房车(HongKong)

奔驰

Translationofthemeaning:优雅

(itsmeaninginSpanish)

MoreExamples

Carrefour家乐福

Budweiser百威—Thisbeermakesyoupowerfulineveryway。

BMW:宝马—Sureeverybodywouldliketoridea―treasurehorse‖

Mazda:马自达—Youjustenjoyridingthehorsewithoutworriesasitknowsitswayandwill

seeyougettoyourdestination

Marlboro:万宝路—Thereistreasureineveryway

Ericsson:爱立信—Yousendyourlovewithconfidence

Christina姬丝蒂娜—Triumph黛安芬LittleBobdog巴布豆

Nike―Justdoit.‖literaltranslation:就去做吧

Reebok(sportswear):锐步ReeboksLetU.B.U.锐步迈出你的新一步。

Kodak(film):柯达AKodakMoment就在柯达一刻。

Languagevarieties&Translation

Accordingtothedegreeofformality

thefrozenstyle庄严体,正式程度最高,往往形成程式,如法律、文书套语

theformalstyle正式体,用于正式、严肃的场合

theconsultativestyle商谈体,也称通用体、一般体,这是日常工作、生活中一般交往时使用的

语体,既非正式,也不随意

thecasualstyle随意体,熟人之间不拘礼节的非正式语体

theintimatestyle亲密体,用于关系亲密的家庭成员及朋友之间

slang-commoncore-elevatedEnglish

Commoncore:

{spoken…written

{informal…formal

{familiar…polite

{regionaldialects…standardspeech

Accordingtothetypesofwriting

description描写体narration叙事体

exposition说明体argumentation论说体

Accordingtothetopicsorfunctionsofwriting

Englishwritingscanbeclassifiedintosuchtypes:

calEnglishWritings(whichmainlyinclude:letters,telex,notice,contract,instruction,

etc.)

(EnglishforScienceandTechnology)

hforLiteraryWorks

varietiesfallinto2majorclasses

gevarietiesrelatedtothepermanentcharacteristicsoftheperformer(s)

idiolect:personalidentityoftheperformer

Dialect:geographical,temporalorsocialdimension

gevarietiesrelatedtothetransientcharacteristicsoftheperformer(s)(theimmediate

situationofutterance

Register:languagevarietyrelatedtosocialrolesbeingplayedbytheperformeratthemoment

ofutterance(scientific,religious…)

Style:…thenumber&natureofaddressees&performer‘srelationtothem(formal,colloquial,

intimate)

Mode:mediuminwhichtheperformerisoperating(written,spoken)

1.Theaddresser

2.Theaddressee

3.Subjectmatter(说话内容)

4.Formofcommunication(交际方式)

牧师讲解formalEnglish,绝不会俚语连篇;

相反,小流氓可能slang、informal或impolitelanguage。

Spokenbyastudentatschool,athome&onthewayhome

Goodbye,Seeyelater,Mom!Ok,man,I‘vegottasplit(Hello!Hi!…)

Samesubject,differentspeaker&situation

sdaddied,Petehadtogetanotherjob.

isfather‗sdeath,Peterhadtochangehisjob.

eceaseofhisfather,Mr.Brownwasobligedtoseekalternativeemployment.

herkickedthebucketthatveryyear.

1.老皮他爹一死,他只好换个事干。2.他父亲死后,彼得不得不改变一下工作。

3.他父亲亡故(逝世,谢世)之后,布朗先生必须另谋职业。4.就是那年他父亲翘辫(死掉)了。

Registermarkers

rse

Registermarkers

ic:

yeah,gonna,n’t,I’ve,we’ll,you’d,they’re…

Clear,distinctpronunciation

l:

romdifferentetymologies:

Fire-flame(French)-conflagration(Latin)

Holy-sacred-consecrated

Rise-mount-ascend

Registermarkers:Lexical

Anglo-Saxon:short,simple,natural(informalspeech)

Latin:scholar’sstyle(officialdocument,formalspeech,academicarticles)

French:elegant,formalspoken/writtenEnglish(summitmeeting)

Registermarkers:Lexical

ation-explain

Iwillhavesomeexplanationsofthesenew

words/I‘llexplainthesenewwords.

:

Informal:pickup,giveup,goonwith

Formal:choose,abandon,continue

Registermarkers:syntax

Informal:short,simple,loosestructure;ellipsis;parenthesis

Formal:long,complete,complicated;passive,emphaticsentences,subjunctivemood

Registermarkers:discourse

Readingmakethafullman;conferenceareadyman;refore,

ifamanwritelittle,hehadneedhaveagreatmemory;ifheconferlittle,hehadneedhavea

presentwit;andifhereadlittle,hehadneedhavemuch(wouldrequireto)havecunning,to

seemtoknowthathedothnot.

Formal:Morecoherent;connectorsandrhetoricdevices…morefrequentlyused

eennotedwithconcernthatthe___ofbooksinthelibraryhasbeen___

tsare___toremindthemselvesoftherulesoftheborrowingand

returningofbooks,iesfor

overduebookwillinthefuturebestrictlyenforced.

___ofbooksinthelibraryhasbeen__.Pleasemakesureyouknowtherulesfor

borrowing,and__thatthelibraryisforeveryone’nowon,we’re

ebeenwarned!

―number,goingdown,don’tforget,,Stock,declining,requested‖

Ithasbeennotedwithconcernthatthestockofbooksinthelibraryhasbeendeclining

tsarerequestedtoremindthemselvesoftherulesoftheborrowing

andreturningofbooks,iesfor

overduebookwillinthefuturebestrictlyenforced.

makesureyouknow

therulesforborrowing,anddon’tforgetthatthelibraryisforeveryone’sconvenience.

Sofromnowon,we’ebeenwarned!

Registeranalysis

offormality:moreformalvsmoreinformal(noun;long,completesentence

structure)

ion:formalvsordinary(Stock-number;decline-godown;remindof-makesureto

know;bearinmind-notforget)

cestructure:impersonalvspersonal;passivevsactive(Ithasbeennoted

that-thenumberofbooks;studentsarerequested-pleasemakesure;penaltiesfor

overdueusewillbeenforced-wearegoingtoenforce)

:thirdpersonvsfirstpersontosecondperson

Versionfor1:查本馆图书锐减,学生当不忘本馆书籍流通之规则及他人之需。逾期不归还者将

受重罚。

Versionfor2:图书馆的书籍最近大量减少,请大家牢记借书的规定,不要忘记图书馆是

为了大家的方便。因此,从现在起,我们将严肃地执行规定。我们特作此警告!

Analysis:thestylisticcharacteristicsoftheexample1and2canbeensuredintheaspectsof

diction,syntax,andgrammar,e1canbelabeledaformalnotice,whileExample2

sionsarerenderedintoChinese

differentlyonthebasisoftheirdifferentstylisticcharacteristics.

Registerconfusion

HisImperialMajestykickedthebucketatthetwothirty-fivehoursGreenwichMean

Time,onthefirstdayoftheninthmonthofthetraditionalChinesecalendar,intheyear

ofnineteenhundredandnine.

(皇帝陛下于壹仟玖佰零玖年的夏历九月初一格林威治平时二时三十五分翘辫子了。)

threemajorfunctionsoflanguage:

expressivefunction,表情功能(Iloveyou,myhometown!)

informativefunction,信息功能(look,thisisanewly-builtresidentialarea)

vocativefunction/directive/persuasive/operative呼唤功能/祈使功能/语用功能

(excuseme,couldyoushowmethewayto….)

Newmarksays,―Themainfunctionsof

languageareexpressive(thesubjectiveor―I‖form),thedescriptiveorinformative(the―it‖form),

andthevocativeordirectiveorpersuasive(the―you‖form).

literaryworkmainlyfocusesontheexpressivefunction,whilenon-literaryworksmainlycenter

oninformativefunction.

ComparethedifferencesofEnglishforAdvertisingandLiterarywork

1.青岛是一座风光秀丽的海滨城市,夏无酷暑,冬无严寒.西起胶州湾入海处的团岛,东至崂山风景

区的下清宫,绵延80多华里的海滨组成了一幅绚烂多彩的长轴画卷

20-km-longsceniclinebeginsfromTuanIslandatthewestendtoXiaqingGongof

MountLaoattheeastend.

hadowsslept,oralmost

slept,uponthewater,agentlequiveringaloneshowingthatwasnotcompletesleeporif

sleep,thatiswassleepwithdream.

眼前不远,渔舟三五,凝滞不前,樯影映在水上,仿佛睡去,偶尔微见颤动,似又未尝熟睡,恍

若惊梦。

Youshouldswitchoffthemachineifyouarenotgoingtouseitinalongtime.

如果长时间内不用的话,应把机器关掉长期不用,应切断电源

Theroadisslippery,falldowncarefully!路滑,小心跌倒!

ry/Wetpath!

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