criticism是什么意思ticism在线翻译读音

囤是什么意思翻译语短语大利-李楠篮球训练营

2023年4月19日发(作者：公司内账)化妆品说明书汉英翻译错误分析及对策

ErrorAnalysisofC--ETranslationofCosmeticInstructions
andSuggestions
ABSTRACT
Asavisualizedwaytomanilestthevalueofproducts,cosmeticln
tructionsareof
r,therearmanyproblemsexi
tingintheir
translations,suchasthetranslator’Snegiigenceofthtargetconsumers
’demands,his
over-emphasisontheoriginalformandcontentandmistranslationinpartic
ular.
MoreoveLstudiesoftheC?Etranslationofthecosmeticinstructionsareina
dequateand
ewmark’Stranslationcr
ticismtheoryisarelativelyn wperspective
forsuchpracticaltr nslationsthatofcosmeticinstructions.
PeterNewmark’Stranslationcr
ticismtheoryconminsfiveevaluationpro中秋节最经典的诗 cedures:

textanalysis,thetranslator’Spurpose,comparingthetranslationwitht
heoriginal,the
evaluationofthetranslationndthetran春寒陈与义拼音版 slation’ile,itp
rovidestwo
transitionevaluationapproaches:thefunctionala dtheanalytical.
ThispaperattemptstoanalyzetheC?Etranslationofcosmeticinstructions
under
aringtheoriginalcosmeticinstruction
s,the
correspondingtranslationsandtheEnglishcounterparts,theessayclassi
fiesth
mistakescollectedfromthesamplesintolinguistic,pragmaticandcultura
lmistakes.
Linguisticmistakesaredividedintospellingmistakes,semanticmistakes
,syntactic
mistakesandgrammaristakes;Pragmaticmist
kesincludechinglish,word?for-word
translationndmissingtranslation;culturalmistakescontmnlanguagesty
lemistakes
ile,somepossiblesuggestionstothe
problems
nehand,translat

ors,
cosmeticcompanies,consumersa dgov nmentsshoulde
tablishthecorresponding
awareness,andontheotherhandfeasibletranslations
rategiesandmethodshavebeen
proposed:firstly,PeterNewmark’Ssemantictranslationcanc
nducttosolvelinguistic
mistakesandsomethodslikeynchronizingandbasic/patrialsynchronizing
canbe
lycommunicativetranslationcanbeaguidewhentranslatorsc
meup
ragmaticmistakes,loadtransl
ationcanbe
used,andforculturalmistakes,threemethodslikeomission,restructurin
gand
foreignizingtranslationcanbeproposed.
KEYWORDS:lationofcosmeticinstructions;erroranalysis;sugge
stions
化妆品说明书汉英翻译错误分析及对策
摘要
化妆品说明书是产品最直观的价值体现方式之一,其翻译质量的好坏不言而
喻。但化妆品说明书英文翻译仍然存在不少问题,如译者恪守原文形式和内

容使
得译文达不到应有的说服效果,有的译文忽视译文消费者的需求,使得译文
难以
为外国消费者接受。同时近年来关注化妆品说明书英译的研究不足。皮特?
纽马克
翻译批评理论为诸如化妆品说明书之类的实用翻译,提供了新的视角。
纽马克翻译批评理论具体的评估步骤有:对原文的分析、译者意图的分析、
对
比原文和译文、评估译文的质量和分析判断译本在目的语文化氛围中存在的
价值。
同时,他还提出两种评估方法:功能翻译法和分析翻译法。 .
本研究运用纽马克的翻译批评理论研究化妆品说明书英译,通过对比原文和
译文以及英语化妆品说明书,将化妆品说明书翻译中存在的错误分为语言、
语用
和文化三种错误。语言类错误包括拼写错误、语义错误、句法错误和语法错
误;
语用类错误包括汉式英语、字字翻译和缺译;文化类错误包括语言风格错误
和文
化因素错误。针对上述问题,本文也提出了相应的解决措施,以期进而提高化
妆
品说明书的翻译质量。一方面译者、化妆品公司、消费者以及政府需要树立
相关

的意识,另一方面本文也提出了适合的翻译策略和方法。以纽马克语义翻译
策略
为指导,能够避免出现语言类错误,可行的方法有同步和基本同步;而纽马克
的
交际翻译策略可用来指导语用和文化类错误。对于语用错误,可行的方法有
套译,
而对于文化类错误,省略法、重组法和异化法是三种可行的翻译方法。
关键词:化妆品说明书英译;错误分析;对策
CoNTENTS
ABSTRACT??.ii
摘要?。iii
ChapterOneIntroduction??.1
1.1BackgroundoftheResearch??..1
1.2ResearchMethodologyandDataCollection.2
1.3SignificanceofthResearch??..2
1.4TheLayoutoftheThesis?.2
ChapterTwoLiteratureRevi w4
2.1StudiesontheCosmeticInstructions?.4
2.1.1LinguisticCharacteristics?4
2.1.2AComparisonbetweenChineseandEnglishCosmeticInstructions??..7
2.2StudiesontheTranslationofC smeticInstructions??.8
2.2.1ASystem?FunctionLinguisticPerspective?8

2.2.2APragmaticLinguisticPerspective?..9
2.2.3AnAestheticsPerspective10
2.2.4ASkopostheorieP rspective?..10
2.3StudiesontheTranslationCr ticism?11
phicalandNeo?hermeneuticApproa hes.11
2.3.2Response?oralApproaches??.12
2.3.3Text?basedApproaches?.13
ChapterTh eeTheoreticalBasis?16
3.1TheProceduresofTranslationCriticism?..16
3.1.1SLTextAnalysis?..17
3.1.2TheTranslator’SPu pose..18
3.1.3ComparingtheTranslationwitht eOriginal??18
3.1.4TheEvaluationoftheTranslation??19
:;.2TheTwoApproachestoTranslationCr ticism?..20
3.2.1TheFunctionalApproach.20
3.2.2TheAnalyticalApproach.20
iv
ChapterFourAnalysisontheC?ETranslationofCosmeticInstruction登高原文朗读 s22
4.1TheApplicationofTranslationCriticismTheorytoaSample??..22
4.1.1SLTextAnalysis?..23
4.1.2Translator’SPu poses??.24
4.1.3ComparisonofTLextwithSLText?..?.24

4.1.4QualityoftheTranslation26
4.2ErrorAnalysis??....28
4.2.1LinguisticMistakes.29
4.?...33
4.2.3CulturalMistakes?.37
4.3CausesofErrors??.41
4.4SomeSuggestions?.42
4.4.1EstablishingAwareness?.42
4.4.27\"heStrategiesandtheMethods43
ChapterFiveConclusion??..53
5:1FindingsoftheResearch.??.?.53
1;.2LimitationsoftheR search??.54
??.?.....?....?.??.?...?..?.....?.
55
References??.56
Appendix1??59
Appendix2??61
Appendix3??.??..63
Appendixzl??66
Appendix5??68
Appendix6??70
Appendix7??7:!

Appendix8??74
Appendix9??76
Appendix10?.79
V
ChapterOne
Introduction
WiththentryintoWTO,moreandmoreforeigncosmeticcompaniescomeinto
Chinesemarkets,andatthesametimelotsofChinesecosmeticproductsgoabr

ordertoentertheinternationalmarketndparticipateinintemationalcomp
etitions,
manyChinesecosmeticinstructionshavetheircorrespondingE
glishtranslations.A
goodtranslationofChinesecosmeticinstructionscanotonlyofferforeign
co sum五年级上册己亥杂诗的诗意 ers
agoodopportunitytoknowtheproductsbutcanalsohelpbuildagoodimageoft
he
companytofacilitatethesaleoftheproducts.
1.1BackgroundoftheResearch
Nowadaysinordertomovetowardsinternationalization,manyChinesecos
etic
instructionshavetheircorrespondingE

nodoubtthata
r,althoug
hpeople
knowtheimportanceofthetranslationofcosmeticinstructions,itisstill
notaneasyjob
fortranslatorstotranslateproperly,andtherestillexistmanyproblemsi
ntranslating
nslators’negligenceoftargetco
sumers’demands,andhis
over-emphasisoftheoriginalformandcontenta
dmistranslationinparticularmake
thetranslationunacceptedandsomeevenleadtopromotionfiascointhetarg
etmarket.
Itistruethattranslationhasrousedgreatconcem,but郑人买履的译文 translationcr
ticism,an
importantpartofranslations
udies,,
translationcr
ticismisofgreatbenefittoeverypart:translators,readers,companiesnd
SOon,k2001a:187valuedtranslationcr
ticism
‘‘becauseitpainlesslyimprovesyourcompetenceasatranslator;secondl

y,becauseit
expandsyourknowledgeandunderstandingofyourownandtheforeignla
guage,as
wellasperhapsofthetopic;thirdly,because,inpresentingyouwithoption
s,itwillhelp
youtosortoutyourideasbouttranslation.”XuJun2009:229heldthattrans
lation
criticismhasthefunctionofsupervisingtheactionfthetranslatortoimpr
oveth
erymeaningfultoresearchont
eChinese?Englishtranslationof
cosmeticinstructionsfr mtheperspectiveoftranslationcriticism.
1.2ResearchMethodologyandDataCollection
Thestudycombinesqualitativenalysisw
he
guidanceofPeterN wmark’Stranslationcr
ticismtheory,thepaperanalyzesthoriginal
textsandtheirEnglishtranslationsatthemacroandmicrolevels,compares
the
translationwithnativeEnglishcosmeticinstructions,classifiestherro
rsdiscoveredin
thetranslationsandfinallydiscusseshowtoimprovetheirt

anslationsbyprobingnto
correspondingfeasibletranslations
pusofthispaperis
collectedfromtheofficialwebsites,cosmeticpackingboxesandtheirpape
r
instructions.
1.3SignificanceoftheR search
lationofc smetic
instructionsfr mtheperspectiveoftranslationcr
newlightonthe
studiesofcosmeticinstructionstranslationndhasmuchpracticalsignifi
cance.
PeterNewmark’Stranslationcr
ticismtheoryisofinstructivesignificancetothe
evaluationofc
smeticinstructionstranslationfortsfeasibleproceduresandmethods.
ThispaperwillapplyNewmark’Stheorytothetranslationofc
smeticinstructions,
explorethproblemsinthetranslationsandthenfindcorrespondingtransla
tion
strategiesandmethodstohelptranslatorstop
oducegoodEnglishversionsofcosmetic

instructions.
1.4TheLayoutftheThesis
Thethesisconsistsofsixchapters.
ChapterOneintroducesthebackgroundofthisthesis,thenecessityofmakin
gsuch
aresearch,thesignificanceofther
search,andthestructureofthethesis.
2
sageneraleviewofthestudiesr
latedo
cosmeticinstructionsandittranslationsandstudiesontranslationcriti

articlesandbooksinthisfieldavailabletofindareclassifiedandreviewe
din
multi-perspectives.
Chapterh eeintroducesPeterNewmark’Stranslationcr
ticismtheoryfocusingo
theproceduresandtwoapproachesoftranslationcriticism.
ChapterFourappliesP terNewmark’Stranslationcr
ticismtheorytothesamples
andproblemshavebeenfoundandclassifiedatthelinguistic,pragmaticand
cultural

levelsandfinallythispapersuggeststhetrategiesandmethodstoimprovet
h
translationofcosmeticinstructions.
Chapterfiveistheconclusionofthestudy,generalizingm jorfindingsand
limitationsoftheresearch,andpoi
tingoutsuggestionsforfurtherresearch.
3
ChapterTwo
LiteratureKevleW
T‘-1h●
Thischapterisaliteraturereviewonresearchesdoneonthreer spects:the
cosmeticinstructions,translationofthecosmeticnstructionsandtransl
ationcriticism.
2.1StudiesontheCosmeticInstructions
Generallyspeaking,cosmeticinstructionsconsistofseveralp
rts:ingredients,
functionsoreffects,directionsorusage,brand,productiondate,thedead
line,
manufacturer,producingareaanet .Certainly,cosmeticinstructionsare
delicately
designedtoattractconsumers’interestsbyapplyingdesigningbeautiful
cosmetic

tion
,cosmetic
instructionsobviouslyhavesomelinguisticcharacteristics.
2.1.1LinguisticCharacteristics
Thispartistomakeageneraleviewofthestudiesofcosmeticinstructionsfr
m
fouraspects:lexical,syntactic,textualandfunctional.
2.1.1.1LexicaICharacteristics
Thelexicalfeaturesofthecosmeticinstructionscanbedescribedasabunda
ntuse
ofterminologyandwordswithbeautifulmeaningMeng,2010:65?66;Wang,200
7:
172?175.
2.1.1.1.1SubstantialUseofTerminology
Incosmeticinstructions,terminologycanbef undeverywhereandsome
relativelyfixedvocabularyisformed,whichneedssomeprofessionalknowl
edgeto
understanditMeng,2010:tance,toner爽肤水andeyecream眼
霜.
Besides,ascosmeticsbelongtofinechemicals,chemicalter
sandmedicalvocabulary
arealsoemployed,forexample,silica--氧化硅andEastin弹力蛋

白.SomeChinese琅琊溪述
4
traditionalmedicineslikLucidumGanoderma灵芝,Ginseng人参
canalsobeseen
Wang,2007:172-175.
2.1.1.1.七夕节是不是情人节 2FlexibleUsofCompoundWor s
Compoundwor smeansmorethantwowordsareputogetherasonetoproducea
certainmeaningWang,2007:172?poundwor su
edintheinstructions
canotonlyshortenhetexts,butalsowinconsumers’trustMeng,2010:65?66
,such
as,lactobacillusferment乳酸菌提取,tocopheryla etate维生素
E,无
酒精andetc..
2.1.1.1.3AbundantUseofEvaluativeAdjectivesandAdverbs.
Someevaluativeadjectivesandadverbswithcommendatorymeaningareusedi
n
cosmeticinstructionstocreategoodimagesofproducts,forexample,natur
al天然的,
effective有效果的,perfectly完美地sewor
sarendowedith
suchmeaningofcomfort,happinessandexcellence,givingconsumerssome

psychologicalimplicationthathisproductisbeneficialtothemextremely
forits
wonderfulfunctionsMeng,2010:65-66.
2.1.1.1.4TheUseofVerbs
Cosmeticinstructionsarefa
econsumers’
psychologyofpursuingbeautyandmeettheirexpectation,someverbsareuse
dto
describethefunctionsofcosmeticsWang,2007:172?
glishcosmetic
instructions,verbslikemoisturize,nour括
h,resist,protect,cleanseareusedfrequently
s,verbssuchasprovide,offer,give,le
ave,make
areseenfrequentlytoconfirmthepositiveeff
ctsofthecosmeticsandthenestablisha
goodrelationshipwithconsumersWang,2007:172?175.
InChinesecosmeticinstructions。verbslik 脱落?渗透?包新jor修复are
appeared,impl姐ngthema ufacturers’
willingnesstosolvetheproblemsfor
consumersPan&Huang,2011:66?70.
2.1.1.2SyntacticCharacteristics

Incosmeticinstructions,syntacticcharacteristicscanbesummarizedint
hree
ysimp esentencesarwidelyusedandsometimesth
yareaccompanied
5
withcomplexs
ntences;secondly,imperativesentencesandellipticalsentenceare
frequentlyused;thirdly,activevoi eandpr senttenseareoftenappliedb
causeth
actives ntencescanconveypositiveattitudeandliminatethen
gativemoodsof
consumersHu,2005:113-117;Pan&Huang.2011:66.7 .
2.1.1.3TextuaJCharacteristics
Everypartofa cosmeticinstructionisc nnectedwithoutanytransitional
sentencesorparagraphs,SOthatconsumerscanreadanyinformationtheyare
interested
icins
ructiontextisshortandconcise,anditscomparatively
fixedformatoftenconsistsofingredients,functions,usage,andwarningL
V,
2010:94-95.
2.1.1.4FunctionsofCo meticInstructions

AccordingtothesixcategoriesoflanguagefunctionsbyPeterNewmark,lang
uage
functionshave,theexpressive,theinformative,thevocative,theaesthet
ic,thephatic
andthemetalingualfunction.
“ThecoreofthexpressivefunctioniSthemindofthespeaker,thewrit
r,the
theutterancetoexpresshifeelings
irrespectiveofanyresponse.”Newmark,2001a:39“Thecorofthe
tsofatopic
.
realityoutsidelanguage,includingreportedideasortheories.”ibid:40
“The
coreofthevocativefunctionoflanguageiSthereadership,theaddressee.T
he
term‘vocative’iSus
dtobeinthesenseof‘callingupon’thereadershiptoact.
thinkorfeeling,infactto‘react’inhewayintendedbytextthevocativei
S
thecaseusedforaddressingyourreaderinsomeinflected1anguage”
ibid:41、
“TheaestheticfunctionoflanguageiSd

y
throughitsactualorimaginedsound。

rhythm,balancendcontrastsofsentences,clausesandwordsalsoplaytheir
part.”fibid:42.“Thephaticfunctionoflanguageisusedformaintaining
friendlycontactwiththeaddresseeratherthanforimpartingforeign
information.”ibid:43“Themetalingualfunctionoflanguageindicates
language’Sabilitytoexplain,name,andcriticiseitownfeatures.”ibid
:44
BasedonPeterNewark’Sclassificationandcosmeticinstructions’chara
cteristics,it
canbeconcludedthatcosmeticinstructionshavethreemainfunctions:info
rmative
function,aestheticfunctionandvocativefunctionMa,2007:84?85;Zhu,20
11:177.178;
Ban,201:80?ormativefunctionofcosmeticinstructionsisthatt
heyprovide
6
toconsumersthessentialinformationsuchasingredients,functions,dire
ctionsa d
wamingtoconsumers;itsaestheticfun
tioncanthatbeshowninthelanguageandform,

heuseofwordswithbeautifulmeaninga
dharmonious
rhythm,theo risdelicateappearanceforexample,elaboratepack
gndcharming
vocativefunctionisthatcosmeticinstructionsaremeant
toappeal
consumerstopurchaseproducts.
2.1.2AComparisonbetweenChineseandEnglishCosmetic
Instructions
Duetothediversitiesofculturalb
ckgrounds,values,thinkingmodes,andthe
aesthetics
andards,therearemanydifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishcosmetic
instructions,whicharemainlyreflectedin
helanguageformratherthantheircontent
andnatureLiu&Mo,2008:ferencescanb eeni
fourrespects:tense,
voiceandsentencestructureandlanguagestyl .
First,withrespecttothetense,thepresenttensehasbeenwidelyusedinEng
lish
cosmeticinstructionstodescribethenatureandstateofthings,becauseit
nconveya

ofpr
senttenseemstoclarifyscientifictheoremand
definition,creatingatruthfula
,consideringChineseoesn’t
havesuchtense,thesimpledeclarativesentencesandsentenceswithnosubj
ecthave
beenusedLiu&Mo.2008:83?86.
Second,asforthevoice,cosmeticins ructionsarei
clinedtostatehefacts,
phenomenaandprocesswithoutpersonconcemed,hencepassivevoiceishighl
y
evoiceannotonlymaked
scription
nChinese,theuseofpassiv
evoiceis
tenthannot,itcanbereplacedbyChineseinitiativestructur
eorpassive
sentencewithoutclearforms.
Third,onthesubjectof
hesentencestructure,longsentencesappearmorein
Englishnstructions,eEng
lishosm tic

instructionbelongstothescientificEnglishwheremodifiedclausesandre
strictive
7
statementhavebeenusedforightexplanation,theuseoflongsentenceor
ompound
sentencewillmakeinstructionslogicandcleaEGe天净沙春夏秋冬 nerallyspeaking,Englis
h
instructions’sentencepattemsarerelativelyfixed,includingattr
butiveclause,一ing/-ed
rary,inChinese,differentwordsorphrasescanconveydi
fferent
meaning,SOsimple,concisea
daccurateclauseshavebeenfrequentlyappearedin
ChinesecosmeticinstructionsLiu&Mo,2008:83?85.
Lastly,owingtothehugediscrepanciesbetweenthesetwocultures,values,
and
thoughtpa tems,aestheticperceptionsandlanguagelo
icarealsodifferent,whichcan
nehand,theC inese
expressionstendtobeornateandrhetoricalandfocusontautology,whichis
apto
conveythesubtlem aninga

lishisparticularabout
conciseness,logicalrigorousness,therhand,aspa
rataxis
language,Chinesevalusp
sahypotaxislanguage,
Englishstressestherigorousstructureandaccurateexpressionsmorethan
speech
soundsandrhythmHu,2005:113-117.
2.2StudiesontheTranslationofCosmeticInstructions
Researchesonthetranslationofcosmeticinstructionsareconductedmainl
yinfive
aspects:system?functionlinguistic,aesthetics,pragmaticlinguistics
,cognitive
linguisticsandskopostheorie
2.2.1ASystem?FunctionLinguisticPerspective
Registerandinterpersonalfunctionofsystemic?functionallinguisticsa
reapplied
moretotheanalysisofcosmeticinstructionstranslation.
Registertheoryisanimportantoneinsystemicfunctionalgr
ay
1978:123discussedregisteras“thes
manticconfigurationthatistypicallyssociated

withesituationypeinquestion”.Systematic?functionallinguisticsesp
eciallystressed
thefunctionofcontext,namelythesituationinwhichommunicationt
kesplace.
Halidayheldthat“thesemioticstructureofthesituationiSformedoutoft
hethree
8
sciosemioticvariablesoffield,tenora
presentinsystematicformthe
typeofactivityinwhicht
etexthasignificantfunctionfield,thestatusandrole
relationshipsinvolvedtenorandthesymbolicmodeandrhetoricalch
nnelsthatare
ld,tenora dmodeactcollectivelyasd
terminantsoftheext
throughtheirspecificationoftheregister.”Halliday,1978:122
Researchesonthetranslationofc
smeticinstructionsareconductedinthree
respects:field,hreevariablescoverthecontent,ch
aracter
relationshipandcommunicationmodet