conservation是什么意思servation在线翻译读音

AppliedVegetationScience18(2015)357–358

Stepcarefully,thereisanelephantintheroom:human

tramplingasthreatortreatinconservation

RasmusEjrns

Ejrns,R.(**************.dk)

Biodiversity&Conservation,Departmentof

Bioscience,AarhusUniversity,Gren

avej14,

DK-8410Rnde,Denmark

Abstract

Theimpactfromtourism,ing,maybearealconcerninnature

ietal.(2015,thisissue)studieddisturbanceeffectsongrassland

vegetationalongpathsinanaturereserveandfoundonlysmallnegativeeffects,

erstandingofdisturbances

haschangedoverhistoryandIadvocateanevolutionaryperspective.

GarchingerHeidenearMunich(southGermany)isasmall

andisolatedrefugeforendangeredplants,andConradi

etal.(2015)havetakenupthechallengeofinvestigating

whether20yrofintensivetramplingalonghikingtrailsin

und

thatsignificantimpactsonvegetationwerelimitedtoa

narrowzonealongeachsideofthepath(<1.5mdistance).

Visitortramplinghadnoeffectbeyondthepathsthem-

selvesoneitherspeciesrichness,thenumberofhabitat

specialistsornationallyRedListspecies.

Anthropogenicdisturbanceisnotanewstudysubjectin

1935,horoughlyexaminedthe

vegetationoffootpaths,sideways,cart-tracksandgate-

ways,andfoundittoresultfromtheinterplayofplant

adaptationsandthenatureofdisturbances(Bates1935).

Heevencarriedoutexperimentswithtreadingand

observedthedamagetoplantsandeventualcommunity

yasdisciplinehaschangedinmanyways

iouschangeisthecurrentsci-

entificstandardsofdesign,-

radietal.(2015)plannedtheirinvestigationwithgreat

care,notonlywithdesignandreplication,butalsowith

theselectionofaparticularlyhomogeneousstudysite.

AlsothespeculationofBatesaboutplantadaptationsand

lifeformshasbeendevelopedfurtherintoquantitative

ietal.(2015)takeproperadvantageofthis

andprovideempiricalevidenceforthefunctionalfounda-

tionfortheobservedresponsestothetramplingofpedes-

trianvisitors.

Anotherobviouschangeovertimeistheperceptionof

lowingstatementofGillham(1956)clearly

demonstratesaprominentconcernforsoilfertilityand

planthealth–Natureasagarden:

IthasbeensuggestedbyGrinnell(1923)thatlighttread-

ingmayhaveabeneficiala高阳公主 ctioninlooseningthesoiland

thusimprovingthe秋草独寻人去后下一句 penetrationofrainfallandpossibly

(1938)alsocommentsontheprobablebenefitsac中秋节的诗句 古诗大全 cruing

-

merworkerstates,however,thatthedamagecausedin

thedestructionofvegetationandtheincreaseoferosion

faroutweighsanyadvantages.

AdecadelaterWesthoff(1967)assignedbothbeneficial

andharmfuleffectstohumanwalkinganddrivinginnatu-

ositiveeffects,Westhoffmentioned:

Oldpaths,tracksandroadsidessituatedinmoreorless

naturalareasexemplifyaspecialtypeofsuchagradient,

ertainamountofgraduatedinstability,

decreasinginadirectionperpendiculartotheaxisofthe

antspeciesrecognizedasecologicallyspe-

cializedandthereforeofparticularinterestforNature

Conservationappeartobelinkedwithorbestsuitedby

thisspecialgradienttype,whichmaythereforetosome

extentleadtoenrichmentoftheflora.

Conradietal.(2015)alsorecoveredsuchagradientin

GarchingerHeide,albeitaverysteepone(<1.5m),with

noevidenceofapositivedisturbanceeffectonhabitatspe-

cialistsorendangeredplants.

Recentecologicalresearchontheeffectsofdisturbances

onnaturalecosystemsoftenadvancesfurtheronthecon-

servationperspectiveofWesthoff(1967).Rooversetal照例的意思 .

(2004)studiedshort-termeffectsoftramplingonheath-

nlingeringeffects

ofdisturbancesafter2yr,theyadviseauthoritiestodis-

ietal.(2015)

reachasimilarconclusion,butbasedonfirmergroundas

theyreporteffectsfromdisturbancesoveraperiodof

20yr.

InastudyofDanishdunes,Brunbjergetal.(2015)

extendedtheconservationperspectivetoincludethe

effectsofthreedifferenttypesofdisturbances(fire,blow-

outsandtramplingpaths)andtheresponsesofboth

357

AppliedVegetationScience

Doi:10.1111/avsc.121742015InternationalAssociationforVegetationScience

rstudy,disturbancesledto

increaseddunediversityduetoincreasedhabitatvaria-

tionandpromotionofspecializedspeciesofplants,bee-

nionstudyofdunevege风物长宜放眼量苏轼 tation

revealeddisturbance-mediatedphylogeneticclustering,

suggestingastrongroleofdisturbancesinbothhistorical

andevolutionarytimescales(Brunbjergetal.2012).

Contextisobviouslyimportantforaproperunderstand-

ingofcauseandeffect,asacknowledgedbyConradi

etal.(2015),whosuggestthattheresistanceoftheir

studysitetotramplingcanbeexplainedbythelonghis-

toryintheareaoflow-稠的反义词 intensitydisturbances,suchas

mowingandgrazing.

Whenconsideringbioticresponsestodisturbancesin

temperategrasslandecosystems,itiseasytooverlookthe

elephantintheroom:thegrasslandwouldbeaforestin

ietal.(2015)

acknowledgethehistoricalimpactofgrazingandmowing,

butgonofurther.

Idareforecastthatdisturbanceecologistsin2050will

takeasanaturalbaselinethatwildplants,animalsand

fungiinEuropeareevolutionarilyadaptedtoecosystems

withhighlevelsofnaturaldisturbances(Svenning2002),

andthathumandisturbancesmaythereforebehelpful

andsometi小松杜荀鹤阅读答案 mesnecessarytosubstituteforextinctmega-

glemostimportantmegaherbivoreinan

evo木兰辞全文原文 lutionarycontextwas–yes,theelephant!Longgone

fromEurope,mammothsandforestelephantsstillroamed

andshapedtheecosystemswherealmostallofourrecent

speciesevolvedandadapted(Sandometal.2014).Human

trampling,militaryvehicles,mowing,domesticgrazingor

rewildingcouldallpotentiallycontributetoasubstitution

ofmegaherbivores(Fig.1).

ThegoodnewsisthatthestudyofConradietal.(2015)

confirmsthathumansneednotremainalienatedfrom

nature,leftoutsidethefenceofprotectednaturereserves.

Ifweactsensiblyandrespectthehistoricalandevolution-

arycontextsofnaturalareas,wecancontinuevisitingand

witnessingthebiologicaldiversityonEarth.

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,CH.

:odland–grassland

:

RasmusEjrn:WoodedmeadowinEstoniashapedbyhuman

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358Doi:10.1111/avsc.121742015InternationalAssociationforVegetationScience

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