criminals是什么意思minals在线翻译读音

第三课课文解释

Lesson3MoreCrimeandLessPunishment

IIntroduction

PurposeoftheEssay

Theessaydoesnotattempttodealwithallthevarious

,itisrestrictedtosomething

itcanmanageeffectivelyinabout1,ides

statisticalinformationandanalyzesthepresentsituationtoshow

thatpunishmentdoesnotdetercrime(probalblyinrelpyto

ovservationsthatharshpunishmentsshouldbeenfordcedto

reducecrime.)StructureoftheText

Likemanyessays,st

threeparagraphsmakeuptheintroduction,inwhichthewriter

shows,withstatistics,howseriousthecrimeproblemisinthe

UnitedStatesandintroducesthecentralideaofhisessay:

extpart(para.4---9),

thebodyoftheessay,hegoesontoanalyzewhypunishment

doesn’rvesthatwithsomanycriminalsto

handle,aljusticesystemisonlyabletolockupthe

mostseriousoffenders;thepublicisunwillingtopayforprison

construction;longerprisonsentencesarenotonlytooexpensive

tobefeasible,astparagraph,the

conclusion,thecentralideaisrestatedinamoreaffirmativeand

emphaticway:gettingtoughwithcriminalsisnottheanswerto

thecrimeproblem.

uction:Howseriousthecrimeproblemisinthe

UnitedStatesandintroduces

thecentralideaoftheessaywithstatistics:punishmentdoes

notreducecrime.

(paras.1-4)

resomanycriminalsthatwedonothaveenough

prisonforanymore.(para.1)

nfulfactisthatthemorecrimethereisthelesswe

areabletopunishit.(para.2)

tothinkabouttherelationshipbetween

punishmentandcrimeinanewway:

crimedeterspunishment:thatthereissomuchcrimethatit

simplycannotbepunished.

(para.3)

nlyimprisontheelitegroupamongcriminals

(requireaboutfiveserious

crimes)(para.4)

isonwhypunishment

doesn’tdetercrime.(paras.5-9)

eaturesshowthatitmakeslittlesensetoblamethe

police,judgesorcorrectional

personnelforbeingsoftoncriminals.(para.5)

atisticsfromtheJusticeDepartment’srecent

report.(para.6)

licisunwillingtopayforprisonconstruction.

(para.7)

isonsentencesmaynotbeeffectiveinreducing

crime.(para.8)

mespentinprisonisalsomoreexpensive.(para.9)

sion:thecentralidea:gettingtoughwithcriminals

isnottheanswertothecrimeproblem.(para.10)

TechniqiesofWriting

1)StatisticalInformation

Thisisanargumentativepieceofwriting,inwhichthewriter

tries,usingclearthinkingandlogic,toconvincereadersofthe

soundnessofhisoppinion:

ordertoconvince,awriterneedsevidence,here,Moranchiefly

usesstatisticalevidence,includingexactstatisticalinformation

(onthere-imprisonmentof

paroledcriminals)andapproximatestatistics(onthecrime

rateoftheU.S.).

2)Analogy

Analogyisthecomparisonoftwounlikethingsforthe

parisonispossiblebecausethe

ourthparagraph,

thewritercomparesacriminal’sacceptanceintoaprisonwith

theadmissionof

ilarityisthat

bothhavetomaintaincertain

standards,andthestandardschangeaccordingtothelawof

supplyanddemand(Themorecandidatesthereare,thehigher

thestandardsforacceptance.)

3)RhetoricalQuestions

Thosearequestionsthatdonotexpectananswerbut

expressastrongfeeling,hetorical

questionsareusedinthesecondparagraphasawayof

challengingreaders,makingthemeitheragreewiththewriteror

thinkwhytheydonot.

Lookatthesequestions:

Butcanweaffordtocutoffthehandsofthosewho

committedmorthan35millionpropetycrimeseachyear?

Canwesendthemtoprison?

Canweexecutemorethan22,000murders?

Suchquestionsachievemoreeffectthanstatements

expressingthesameideas.

4)SelectiveUseofRepetition

InParagra《西湖七月半》原文及翻译 ph6,thestructure“Ofthe/every…only/about,

etc.…”tionfowordsand

structurescanbeveryusefulifusedcarefully.

IITipsforTeachingtheLesson

tudentsprobablyknowtoolittleaboutthe

Americanjudicialsystemtounderstandthe

issuesdiscussedintheessay,teachersareadvisedtosupply

alittlesuchiinformation,witherintheformofprintedmaterial,

couldgivewhatisnecessayasthey

natthesametimeintroducethemost

importantlegalterms,’ttrytoteach

toomuch,justenoughforstudentstounderstandtheissues

discussed.

scomplicatedproblemforstudentsofthislevelto

ussionat

ngteacherscando

iscombinediscussionofthecrimeproblemwithlanguage

trainingasshowninGrammarExercies5.2),toelicitwaysof

dealingwithcrimeusingpassivevoice.

IIIDetailedDiscussionoftheText

relookingforanexplanationofwhywedon’tget

toughwithcriminalsyouneed

onlylookatthenumbers.(1)

Ifyouaretryingtofindoutwhywedon’tdealwith

cirminalsseverely,youcanjustlookatthenumbers---thereare

toomanyofthemforthesocietytopunish.

gettoughwith:tobecomeharsh,severe,unyieldingwithsb.,

Thegovernmenthasdecidedtogettoughwithcar

smugglers.

Theschoolaskedthepolicetogettoughwiththe

neighborhoodbullieswhowereconstantlyshakingthechildren

down.

ountstomorethan41millioncrimes,manymore

thanweareabletopunish.(1)

Thismeansthateachyearmorethan41millioncrimesare

committed,whichisfarmorethanthepolicecanhandle.

amounttosth.:tobewqualto,

Theseeminglypoliteletteramountstoarefusal.

Hersavingsdon’tamounttomuch.

Whenhedied,hisdebtsamountedtofiftythousanddollars.

testimatessuggestthat36millionto40million

people(16to18percentofthe

tion)havearrestrecordsfornontrafficoffenses.(1)

Accordingtothemostfavorablejudgment,36millionto40

millionpeople,amountingto16to18percentoftheU.S.

population,haveatsometimebeenarrestedforactsof

wrongdoing,notincludingthoseofbreakingtrafficrulesand

regulations.

suggest:

Hissilencesuggesteddisagreement.

Thefiguressuggestthattheincomeofthelocalpeopleis

increasing.

adyhave2.4millionpeopleundersomeformof

correctionalsupervision,412,000

ofthemlockedawayinaprinsoncell.(1)

Inthiscountry,therearealready2.4millionpeoplewhoare

receivingpunishmentinoneformoranother;412,000ofthem

areservingtheirprisonterms/keptinprison.

undercorrectionalsupervision:aeuphemism(=theuseofa

pleasanternameforsomethingthoughttobeunpleasant),

meaningbeingdisciplined,orbeingmadetoimproveone’s

behaviorunderthecontrol/chargeofthecommunity,

punishment

:(informal)on

haway:eplaceandfastenthe

Shelocksimportantpapersawayinadrawer.

CulturalNote:intheunitedStates,besidesimprisonment,

mple,youngpeople

whobreakthelawcanbeputintoareformschool/reformatory

(inBritain,communityhome)

mightberequiredtodocommunityserviceworkforafixed

numberofhours.

’thaveroomforanymore!(1)

Thecountrydoesnothaveenoughprisonsformorethan

412,000criminals.

whythecertaintyandseverityofpunishmentmust

godownwhenthecrimerate

goesup.(2)

Thisiswhyatthepresentmomentnotallcrimesare

punishedandthepunishmentforcrimesislessseverethan

beforeeventhoughthecrimerateisontheincrease.

Notethewriterschoiceofwordtocontrastcrimerateand

theseverityofpunishment:goupandgodown.

goup:

Thecostoflivinginthiscityisgoingup.

godown:

ThepriceofdggswillgodownaftertheSpringFestival.

when:eventhough,

Asacomedian,hehadtomaketheaudiencelaughwhenhe

hadjustgotbadnewsfromhome.

ieslikeSaudiArabiacanaffordtofgiveoutharsh

punishmentspreciselybecause

theyhavesolittlecrime.(2)

affordtodosth.:(usuallyusedwith“can”,“could”and

“beableto”)tobeabletodosth.

Ashebadlyneedsthejob,heknowsthathecan’taffordto

say“no”tohisboss.

giveout:toannouncepublicly;(here)toenforce

CulturalNote:InsomeIslamiccountries,suchasSaudi

ArabiaandYemen,severepunishmenisenforcedoncrimesof

mple,murdersareinvariablyputtodeath,and

pickpockets,thievesandrobbersareoftenpunished,byhaving

theirhandscutoff.

weaffordtocutoffthehandsofthosewho

committedmorethan35million

propertycrimeseachyear?Ca乐游原古诗拼音李商隐 nwesendthemtoprison?Can

weexecutemorethan22,000muderers?(2)

Butcanwecutoffthehandsofthosewhocommittedmore

than35millio薛涛简介 ncrimesofstealing,muggingorrobberyeachyear?

Canweputallofthwmintoprison?Canweputtodeaththemore

than22,000murdererseachyear?Canwedoallthatwithout

arousingcriesofprotests?

propertycrimes:crimesinvolvedintakingotherpeople’s

propertyillegallysuchasstealing,muggingandrobery

CulturalNote:IntheUnitedStates,evenwhenthesuspect

involvedinamurdercaseiscaught,he/sheismoreoftenthan

notfoundinnocentbecausetheaccusedisheld“innocentuntil

provenguilty”andisconvicted“beyondreasonabledoubt”,

anditisnotsoeasytofindevidenceaboutwhichnoreasonable

doubtcanberaised.

eofcarefulresearcheshasfailedtoprovideclear

andconvincingevidencethat

thethreatofpunishmentreducescrime.(3)

Althoughresearchesintotherelationshipbetweencrimeand

punishmenthavebeencarriedonfortenyears,theycan’t

produceproofenoughtoshowthatseverepunishmentcan

reducecrime.

thatthethreatofpunishment…:anappositiveclausewhich

identifies“convincingevidence”

failtodosth.:(formal)tobeunabletodosth.,e.g.

Owingtoatrafficjam,theyfailedtoreachtheairporttheir

flight.

kthatpunishmentdeterscrim,butitjustmight

betheotherwayaround.(3)

Wethinkthatpunishmenthelpspreventcrime,butthe

oppositemightbetrue:crimepreventspunishment.

detersth.:todiscourage,hthe

Aheavyfinealonewon’tdetershoplifting.

Theuniversityenforcesseverepunishmenttodetercheating

inexams.

h./doingsth.:notto

iunedoingsth.,ngthemunderstand

Threatsfailedtodeterhimfromcontinuinghisresearch.

Thehighpricesofhousingdeterpeoplefrombuyinghomes.

theotherwayaround/round:

Tooursurprise,thetigerdidn’he

otherwayround---themankilledthetiger.

Hedidn’heotherwayround.

mightbethatcrimedeterspunishment:thatthere

issomuchcrimethatitsimply

cannotbepunishied.(3)

Thesituationmightbethattoomuchmakesitimpossibleto

16to18percentoftheU.S.

populationcommitcrimes,whatcanyoudoaboutit?

thesituationwefindourselvesintoday.(4)

Thisisthesituationwearefacedwithtoday.

find:todiscoversb./sth/articular

situation,

Whentheoldmancameto,hefoundhimselfinbedathome.

Heunlockedandopenedthedraweronlytofindhispassport

gone.

Heswitchedonthelightandfoundastrangerstandingin

themiddleoftheroom.

thedeclineinthenumberofhigh-school

graduateshasmadeiteasiertogain

admissiontothecollegeofone’schoice,thegradual

increaseinthecriminalpopulationhasmadeitmoredifficultto

getintoprison.(4)

Theincreasingnumberofcrimeshasmadeitmoredifficulto

getcriminalsintoprisonwhilethedecreasingnumberofhigh-

schoolgraduateshasmadeiteasiertobeadmittedintothe

collegeofaperson’schoice.

Notetheironyincomparinguniversityenrollmentand

imprisonment.

litecollegesanduniversitiesstillhavehigh

standardsofadmissions,someofthe

most“exclusive”prisonsnowrequireaboutfiveprior

seriouscoimesbeforeaninmateisacceptedintotheir

correctionalprogram.(4)

Thereisasimilaritybetweenprisonsanduniversitiesintheir

’vegottobeoutstandingcandidatestoget

rly,certainpersons

fordangerouscriminalsonlyacceptthosewhohavecommitted

fuveseruiyscrunesbeforebeingconvictedforthepresentone.

elite(adj.):best,top,select,consideredtobethebestoftheir

kind

Notethesarcasminthisremarkandthefollowingone.

rentcropofprisonersisanelitegroup,onthe

wholemuchmoreserious

offendersthanthosewhowereonceimprisonedin

Alcatraz.(4)

Ourpresentimprisonedcriminalpopualtionisindeed

hole,theyaremuch

moreseriouslaw-breakersthanthosewhowereputinaprison

forthedangerouscriminalsofthecountryinthethirtyyears

betweentheearly1930sandearly1960s.

Here“elite”isusedironically.

16.…itmakeslittlesensetoblamethepolict,judgesor

correctionalpersonnelforbeingsoft

oncriminals.(5)

…itisn’treasonabletocritizethepolice,judgeorthosewho

areinchargeofexercieingpunishmentforbeingtoolenient/not

beingtoughwithcriminals.

make(little/no)sense:(not)tobereasonable,wiseor

(It)Doesn’uldthepowerandthe

phonelinegooffallofasudden?

(Lesson6,BookI)

Itmakessensetofindoutfirsthowmuchthetripwillcost.

Doesn’titmakesensetobackoutafterallwe’vedone?

Itmakesnosensetobuildanymoreshoppingmallsinthis

city.

nse:

NomatterhowItrytoreadit,hisletterdid’tmakeany

sensetome.

Ididn’tknowwhyherejectedthegenerousoffer,butIall

makesensenow.

snotmuchelsetheycando.(5)

Apartfromwhattheyhavebeendoing,theycandoverylittle.

icecan’tfindmostcriminalsandthosetheydo

findaredifficultandcostlyto

convict.(5)

First,,itis

difficulttoprosecutethosetheyhavefound,trythemandfinally

getacourttodeclarethemguilty,anditcostsalotofmoneyto

doso,too.

CulturalNote:AccordingtothejudicialsystemoftheUnited

States,acriminalistriedbyajurywhoreachesaverdictof

usedistobefoundguilty“beyond

reasonabledoubt”.Thismakesitdifficulttoconvictacriminal,

forhis/herlawyer(s)canalwaysraiseareasonabledoubt

concernigntheevidence,thetestimonyorthe

reliability/llecting

mesatrial

mightlastmonths,orevenyearsasthenine-monthtrialO.J.

Simpson,famousAmericanfootballplayerandactor,who

waschargedwithmurderinghisformerwifeandherboyfriend,

buteventuallydeclaredinnocent.

ietydemandsthatwedoeverythingwecan

cticalrealityis

thatthereisverylittlethepolice,courtsorprisonscando

aboutthecrimeproblem.(5)Whatsocietyrequiresistodo

everythingpossibleagainstcrime,buinreality,whatcanbedone

abouttheproblemonthepartofthepolice,courtsorprisonsis

verylittle.

minaljusticesystemmustthenbecomeas

powerlessasaparentwhohascharge

ofhundredsofteenagechildrenandwhoisnonetheless

expectedtoanswertheTVmessage:“It’s10o’clock!Doyou

knowwhereyourchildrenare?”(5)

Withcriminalsamountingto16to18ofthecountry’s

populationtodealwith,thecriminaljusticesystemisahelpless

asaparentwhohastotakecareofhundredsofteenagechildren

andmakesurethattheyareallhomeat10o’clocninthe

evening.

atisticsfromtheJusticeDepartment’srecent

“ReporttotheNtiononCrimeand

Justice”illustratemypoint.(6)

illustratemypoint:tomakethemeaningofwhatIhavesaid

clearer

y100seriouscrimescommittedinAmerica,only

33areactuallyreportedtothe

police.(6)

Only33outevery100seriouscrimesthatoccurintheUnited

Statesarereportedtothepolice.

committed:thatarecommitted

of:fromamong

33reported,aboutsixleadtoarrest.(6)

Ofthe33crimesthatarereported,about6ofthecriminals

involvedarearrested.

reported:thatarereported

leadto:sant,

Overworkandlackofexercisecanleadtoheartproblems.

Theirlastquarrelfinallyledtoadivorce.

ixarrested,onlythreeareprosecutedand

convicted.(6)

Ofthesixcriminalswhoarearrested,onlythree/halfare

officiallybroughttocourt/chargedandfound/declaredquilty.

ersarerejectedordismissedduetoevidenceor

witnessproblemsoraresent

elsewhereformedicaltreatmentinsteadofpunishment.(6)

Whathappenstotheotherthreearrestedcriminalswhoare

notprosecutedandcinvicted?

Eitherbecausethereisn’tdufficientevidenceorno

witnessescanbefound,theyarenotproseccutedandconvicted.

Insuchcases,thecourteitherrefusestoconsidertheircases,or

readof

beingputintoprison,thesecriminalsmaybesentelsewherefor

medicaltreatment(whentheycanproduceproofforillnessof

somekind).

electfewsenttoprison,morethanhalfreceivea

maximumsentenceoffive

years.(6)

theselectfew:thefewcriminalswhoarecarefullychosen.

select(adj.):carefullychosedandlimitedtoasmallnumber

ofhighestquality(thewordisusedironicallyhere)

receiveamaximumsentenceoffiveyears:tobesentenced

rageinmate,however,

leavesprisoninabouttwoyears.(6)

However,theprisonerofordinarykindstaysinprisonfor

abouttowyears.

average(adj.):oftheusualorordianrykind

isonersgainearlyreleasenotbecauseparole

boardsaretooeasyoncrime,but

becauseitismuchcheapertosuperviseacriminalinthe

community.(6)

Mostprisonersarereleasedbeforetheyhaveservedtheir

sentence,notbecausetheparoleboardsarekindingranting

parole,butbecauseitcostsmuchmoretokeepacriminalin

prisonthantohavethwmliveunderthesupervisionofthe

community.

beeasy(on):(informal)tobelesssevere;toactorproceed

Theschoolauthoritiesaretooeasyoncheating.

Themanngementshouldbeeasyonlayofffs.

go/beeasyonsb.:unishortreata

Goeasyontheselittlechildrenandletthemenjoy

themselvesmore.

onsth.:touseonlyasmallaomuntofsth.,e.g.

Goeasyonthesalt.

,ofcourse,prisonofficialsmustmakeroomforthe

newprisonerssentalmostdaily

fromthecourts.(6)

Anotherreasonwhymostprisonersgainparoleseasilyis

thatnewarrivalskeepcomingineveryday,sothatoldinmates

havetomakeroomforthenew.

makeroomfor:toleaveemptyspaceforsb./

Pleasemovealongandmakeroomfortholdlady.

Let’stakethesedishesawaytomakeroomfortheroast

duck.

d,ofcourse,gettoughwiththepeoplewealready

haveinprisonandkeepthem

lockedupforlongerperiodsoftime.(7)

(=):(informal)on

Herethewriterisbringingupanalternative.“Could”is

usedtoshowwhathesaysispossible.

nmeasuredagainstthelowercrimeratesthis

wouldprobablyproduce,longer

prisonsentencesarenotworththecosttostateandlocal

governments.(7)

Ifcriminalswerekeptlongerinprison,crimerateswould

nweconsiderthemoneythatstate

andlocalgovernmentshavetopayforthis,longerprison

sentencesarenotworthwhile.

whenmeasuredagainst:whenlongerprisonsentencesare

measuredagainst

measuresth./tsb./sth.:

Heconstantlymeasureshisworkagainstthatofthebest

CEOsinthecountry.

Ourproductioncostsarehigh,when(theyare)measured

againsttheworld’sadvanced

level.

Thecountry’seconomicgrowthlastyearisimpressive

whenmeasuredagainstthoseof

otherAsiancountires.

Yourperformanceispoorwhenmeasuredagainstthe

successofothersalespersons.

worthsth./doingsth.:

Thenewartmuseumisworthavisit.

’s

wortheverypenny.

Themovieisprettygood,butIdon’tthinkitworthseeing

twice.

s,thosestatesthathavetriedtogain

voters’approvalfobondstobuildnew

prisonsoftendiscoverthatthepublicisunwillingtopayfor

prisonconstruction.(7)

Somestateswanttoraisemoneytobuildnewprisonsby

vetriedbutfailedtoget

voters’owsthatthepublicisunwillingtopay

anotherreasonwhylonger

prisonsentencesarenotfeasible/workable.

tisnotpossibletoknowthetrueamountofcrime

committedbypeoplereleased

fromprisoninanygivenyear,wedoknowtheextentto

whichthoseunderparolearejailedagainformajorcrime

convictions.(8)

Althoughwecan’tpossiblyknowexactlyhowmanycrimes

arecommittedbyreleasedprisonersinaspecificyear,wedo

knowhowmanyofthosepeopleunderparolareconvictedagain

forseriouscrimesandputintojailagain.

to…extent:orhowgreataneffectithas

releasedprisonerscommitanaverageoftwo

crimeseach,thiswouldamountto

only15,000crimesprevented:adropinthebucketwhen

measuredagainstthe41millioncrimescommittedeachyear.(8)

Evenifeachreleasedprisonercommitstwocrimes,this

wouldadduptoatotalofonly15,ansthat

onlythatnumberofcrimeswouldbepreventedifthoseprisoners

hyear41

edwith41million,15,000isavery

smallnumber.

Adropinthebucket(AmE)/theocean(BrE):anamountof

toosmallor

ject

willneedfarmore.

rksouttomorethan$100,000percrime

prevented.(9)

Thismeansthatitcostsmorethan$100,000topreventone

crime.

workoutto:tomakeatotalamountofsth.,

Thetotalcostoftheprojectworkedoutto10million.

reismore.(9)

Butthat’notallwe’vegottopayforeachcrimeprevented.

st-yearoperatingcostwouldbe$150,000percrime

prevented,worthitifthe

victimwereyouorme,butmuchitooexpensivetobe

feasibleasanationalpolicy.(9)…$150,000wouldbeworthitif

therewereonlyoneperson’slife,suchasyoursormine,tosave,

butsuchapolicywouldbemuchtooexpensivetocarryout

nationwide.

operatingcost:moneyyouhavetopaytoputlongprison

sentenceintopractice

tooexpensivetobefeasible:tooexpensivetobecarriedout

iththerealityofthenumbers,Iwillnotbeso

foolishiastosuggestasolutionto

thecrimeproblem.(10)

WhenIconsiderthesefigures,Iwon’tconcludetheessay

withasolutiontothecrimeproblem.

so+adj.+astodosth.:

Idon’tthinkheissocarelessastoforgetaboutthis

importantappointment.

Theyarenotsopoorasnottobeabletoaffordagood

educationfortheironlyson.

ributiontothepublicdebatebeginsandends

withthissimpleobservation:

gettingtoughwithcriminalsisnottheanswer.(10)

Thisessay,oneofaseriesdiscussingcrimeandpunishment,

beginsandendswiththesamestatement:dealingwithcrime

severelywon’tsolvetheproblem.

contribution:anitemthatformspartofabook,magazine,

broadcast,discussion,etc.,e.g.

Hisspeechisanimportantcontributiontothedebate.

Allcontributionstotheconferenceareexpectedtoarriveby

theendofJuly.

observation:aremarkorstatement,tisofthe

natureofacomment.

IVTranslationoftheTextA

高犯罪录率与低惩罚率

如果你正寻找我们为什么不严惩犯罪分子的原因，那么你只需看

看以下数据就清楚了。在美国，每年大约有1/3的家庭成为暴力或盗

窃的受害者。这种犯罪案件数量高达4100多万，远远超过了我们所能

处罚的数量。犯罪分子也实在太多。据可靠统计，3600至4000万美

国人（占全国人口总数的16%至18%）又被拘役的记录，其中并不包

括因违反交通规则而被拘留的人。目前，已有240万人正接受某种改

造监管，其中有41.2万人被关进了监狱。我国监狱已饱和得再也不能

容纳一名罪犯了。

令人痛苦的事实是犯罪活动越猖獗，我们越不能进行处罚。这就

是为什么在犯罪率节节攀升的情况下，有些罪犯不一定遭到惩罚，即

使遭到惩罚也不那么严厉了。像沙特阿拉伯这样的国家之所以岁暮到家赏析 对罪犯

实施严厉惩罚只是因为他们国家的犯罪率非常低。但是我国，每年因

涉嫌侵犯他人财产权而被量刑的人至少有3,500万，我们能把他们的

双手都砍掉吗？能把他们全部送进监狱吗？能处死22,000多名杀人犯

吗？

我们需要从一个全新的角度去思考罪与罚的关系。10年的潜心研

究工作，未能提供一个清晰且具有说服力的证明以证明严惩罪犯能遏

制犯罪。我们曾经认为加重量刑能阻碍犯罪，但也许反过来说更确切，

恰恰是高犯罪率阻碍了量刑；正所谓法不责众。

这就是我们当今的境遇。高中毕业生数量的减少使得学生进入自

己心仪的大学容易多了，而罪犯队伍的不断壮大缺失的最犯难进入监

狱。名牌学院或大学的录取标准仍然很高，同样，现在许多“高档”

监狱只允许在此次犯罪之前已有过5次严重犯罪行为的犯人接受该监

狱的管教与改造。目前在押的犯人可谓是一批精英了，总体上要比那

些曾被关在阿尔卡特兹联邦监狱的罪犯更胜一筹。

这些特征说明指责警察、法院、改造部门对罪犯手软是没有道理

的，除此之外他们也无能为力。（因警力不足）多数罪犯警察都抓不

到，即使抓住，给他们定罪也并非易事并且开

支不小。被定罪的那些罪犯也未必全被送进监狱。社会要求我们

不遗余力地与违法行为斗争到底。可是现实是警察、法院或监狱对犯

罪问题能做的少之又少。每到此时，司法机构就如同一位拥有成百上

千个十几岁孩子的家长一样无助，尽管如此，他还要回答电视里提出

的问题：“10点了！你知道你的孩子都在哪里吗？”

司法部最近发表的一篇名为《关于罪犯与审判的政府工作报告》

中的几个统计数字可以阐明我的观点。在美国，每100起严重罪犯案

件中，只有3人，其余3人的案件因证据或证人等问题不被受理或当

庭释放，或保外就医，免于惩罚。那3个被定罪量刑的人中，只有一

人进了监狱，其余2人获准可在监管下在狱外服刑。这些精挑细选进

了监狱的犯人中半数以上最多被判处5年有期徒刑。而一般罪犯在狱

中待2年就能离开。多数在押犯人皆可获得假释，提前出狱。并不是

因为负责假释的工作人员对罪犯手太软，而是因为在社区中监管犯人

更省钱。当然，还有另外一个原因，几乎每天都有新犯人从法庭送进

监狱，典狱官员得为他们找到安身之地。

我们当然可以在押犯人加刑，让他们坐更久的牢。这种手段对付

犯罪率低的情况或许会行之有效，然而若判处过多的长期徒刑则会加

大国家和地方各级政府的开支，有些得不尝试。此外，有些州极力争

取公众赞成发放公债用以建造新的监狱，但结果却往往事与愿违，没

人愿意用自己的钱建造监狱。

即使有人愿意，长期关押也不能有效地减少犯罪。在1981年，共

有12.4万人被释放。假使他们在狱中多待一年，会阻止多少犯罪的发

生呢？虽然我们不清楚在某一年中究竟有多少犯罪是刑满释放人员所

为，但却清楚或假释罪犯因重大案件重回监狱的数字，令西游记86版全集 人惊讶不已

的是，该数字极低，仅占总人数的6%（三年后，这一比率才增至

11%）。假如每名刑满释放人员平均犯罪两次，也只会有15,000其犯

罪案件可通过长期关押而被制止，比起每年要发生的4,100万起犯罪

案件，那简直是九牛一毛。

长期关押费用也高的惊人。据可靠估计，每名在押犯人平均一年

要花掉1.3万美元。假设我们有地方容纳那12.4万名刑满释放人员，

就相当于用花费16亿美元来阻止15,000起犯罪案件，这样算来，每

起被阻止的案件要花费10万多美元。还不只这些。狱中每个铺位的造

价在5万美元左右，那么建造足够的监狱至少需要60亿美元。在第一

年中，每起被制止的案件就花费了15万美元。如果这一案件的受害者

是你或是我，这点儿代价是值得的，但若把它作为一项全国性的政策，

那可就得不偿失了。

面对着这样真实的数据，我不会愚蠢到要为打击罪三字经解释 犯献计献策。

关于罪与罚的问题，我的文章也只是系列讨论的一部分，从头至尾只

想表达这样一个简单的观点：严惩犯罪绝非万全之策。

VKeytotheExercises

1Pre-classWorksII

Listentotherecordingofthetext,readitthrough,andthen

fillintheblanksinthefollowingsentencestoseewhetheryou

havegraspedthemainideaofthearticle.

meproblem;serious;crimes;crimianls;onethirdof;

41million;36tomillion

;crimesandcriminals

ce;deters;punishment

retoomanyofthem;SaudiArabia;havetheirhands

cutoff;35million

/doc/t

5seriouscrimes;eliteuniversities

cal;inprison;longerimprisonment;canbearthecost

rtandpolice;solutiontothecrimeproblem;getting

toughwithcriminalsisnotthe

answer

2Vocabulary

ceusingtherulesofwordformation.

1)Examinehowthewords“approval”and“nontraffic”are

tthe

meaningofthesuffix“-al”andprefix“non-“withthe

helpofadictionary.

approval:approve+-al

nontraffic:non-+traffic

2)Turnthefollowingverbsintonounsbyadding“al”and

ewords

tothelist.

VerbNounVerbNoun

renewrenewalarrivearrival

denydenialdisapprovedisapproval

dismissdismissalproposeproposal

refuserefusalwithdrawwithdrawal

survivesurvival

3)Addtheprefix“non-“tothefollowingwordsandthen

putthemintoChinese.

(1)不侵犯

(2)不合作

(3)不存在

(4)非小说作品

(5)不干涉(6)非专业的；非专业人员

(7)不抵抗

(8)不抽烟者

(9)不标准的

(10)非暴力

eoppositeofthefollowing.

1)todisapprove

2)uncertainty

3)uncomfortable

4)destruction

5)cheap/inexpensive

6)past

7)rise/increase8)unfeasible/infeasible

/impossible/impractical

9)gentle/mild

10)torelease

11)minor/unimportant

12)minimum

13)unnecessary

14)powerful

15)unreal

16)toincrease

17)toaccept

18)togater/tocollect

19)soft

20)nonviolence

wordsandexpressionsfromthetextthatare

relatedtocrime,lawandcourt

crime

propertycrimecrimeratecrimeproblemsconviction

convict

criminal

murderer

offender

prisoncell

topunishcrimereleasedprisoner

police

judge

JusticeDepartmentevidence

witness

paroleboard

prisonofficial

criminaljusticesystem

toreduce/prevent/detercrimescorrectionalpersonnel

arrestrecord

harshpunishment

prisonsentence

asentenceoffiveyears

toreceiveasentence

tocommitacrime

toconvictsb.

toprosecutesb.

toarrestsb.

tosendacriminaltoprison

toimprison/jailacriminal(foracrime)

togettoughwithcriminals

tokeepacriminalinprisontoreleaseaprisoner

togainrelease

toexecuteamurderer

tosuperviseacriminal

toallowthearrestedtoliveinthecommunity

undersupervision

tnesidiomaticexpressionsfromthetext.

toamountto

themore…themore/theless…

tocutoff

theotherwayaround

togainadmission/release/(an

institution)onthewhole

tobesoft/easyonsb.

tobemeasuredagainststh.

tohavechargeofsb./sth

toleadto

dueto

insteadofundersupervision

tomakeroomforsb./sth.

togettoughwithsb.

/away

tobeworth(doing)sth.

topayforsth.

ison

tosomeextent/toacertainextenttocommitacrime

toworkoutto

tobefacedwithsth

so…astodosth.

tethesentencesswiththeexpressionslistedbelow

intheirproperforms.

1)workoutto

2)so…asto

3)dueto

4)payfor

5)haschargedof

6)wasfacedwith

7)gettoughwith8)theotherwayaround

9)worksoutto/amountsto

10)under(close)supervision

11)Dueto

12)worksoutto

13)underthesupervisionof

14)amountto

threeorfourverbs/phrasalverbs,ornouns/noun

phrasesforthefollowing.

1)commit,deter,prevent,punish,reduce(crimes)

2)carryout,conduct,do

3)find,offer,seek,suggest,workout,have

4)carryout,impose,make,present

5)find,gather,give,produce,provide,seek

6)aworker,aclass,aproposal,aquestion,asuggestion,the

charge

7)knowledge,experience,strength,weight,speed,

permission,approval,admission,advantage

8)aprisoner,afilm,amissile,imformation,news,pain,sb.’s

arm,thebird

9)thebirth/death/crimerate,one’svoice,rent,theinterest,

theprice,theeaxes,thestandards

10)adebt,cash,rent,theinterest,theprice,thetaxes,the

tuition,wages,salary

thefigures.

1)ReadoutthefiguresinEnglish.

threehundredandsixty-fivefivehundredandnine

fourthousandninehundredandtwenty-fouronethousand

andseventy-three

fifty-sixthousandsixhundredandthirty-one

ninety-ninethousandandseventy-two

twohundredandthirtythousandfivehundredandforty-

eight

sevenhundredandfifty-threethousandeighthundredand

forty-nine

twomillionthreehundredandninety-fourthousandfive

hundredandsixteen

eightmillionsixtythousandonehundredandforty-eight

nineteenmillionthreehundredandfifty-twothousandone

hundredandninety-eight

seventymillionfivehundredthousandsixhundredand

eighty-five

sixhundredandfiftymillionsevenhundredandeighteen

thousandthreehundredandfiftysixonehundredandforty-two

millionandforty-sixthousandtwohundredandthirty-eight

onebillionandtwohundredmilliion(or:onepointtwo

billion)

sixbilliontwohundredandthirtymillion(or:sixpoint

twenty-threebillion)

threetrilion

fivetrillionandsevenhundredbillion(or:fivepointseven

trillion)

2)GivethefiguresinArabicnumbers.

1,10049,000

100,00095,400

624,0003,500,000

57,500,00010,050,000

130,000,0009,500,000,000

100,000,000,0002,000,000,000,000

therightwordfromthebracketandputitinthe

properform.

1)cost

2)paid

3)spend

4)convince5)persuade

6)convinced

7)rejected/refused

8)reject

9)refuse

10)refused

etheusesof“fail”and“suggest”inthe

herpossibleusesofthesewordsandthen

makesentencesafterthemodels.

Otherpossibleusesof“fail”and“suggest::

fail:tofail(vi)

tofailsb.

suggest:tosuggeststh.

tosuggestdoingsth.

tosuggest+that-clauseinthesubjunctivemood

everbpatternsoftheunderlinedpartinthe

sentencebelow,listotherpossiblevberbs,andthen,basedon

theinformationgiven,completethesentenceswiththewords

fiveninthebracket.

Verbpatterns:tobe+wh-clause

tomake+it+adj.+to-infinitive(phrase)

Otherpossibleverbs:consider,feel,find,think

Onepossibilityofthesentences:

1)whatRoberthasdicidedtodowithhismoney

whenRoberisgoingtobuildalibraryinhistownwithhis

ownmoney

howRobertisgoingtospendhismoneynextyear.

whereRobertisgoingtobuildalibrarywithhishownmoney

2)why/howthetwoleadersfinallybecamerivals

3)howtheywonthemoreandmorepeopleover

4)whereweagreedtomeetyesterday

5)wheni’ifficulty/whenIfeelreally

useful/whenIfeelmyselfneeded

andwanted/whenIamrespectedandloved/whenIhave

thepowerandmoneytodosth.

worthwhile,etc.

6)feelitnecessarytostaywithmygrandmotherandtake

careofher

7)hasmadeitpossibleforthecentralandwesternpartsof

Chinatodevelopatamuchfaster

speed

8)havefounditprofitabletoinvestbigmoneyinrecycling

industrualwastes

9)thinkitessentialtohaveahighlydevelopedcultureifwe

wanttomodernizeoursociety

10)consideritimportanttoseeourlimitationsaswellasour

strengths

hemissingwords.

(1)looked

(2)home

(3)at

(4)a

(5)furniture

(6)always

(7)later(8)tied

(9)the

(10)Other

(11)police

(12)Carrying

(13)line

(14)wonder

(15)did

(16)as

(17)led

(18)stopped

(19)help

(20)puzzled

(21)down

(22)staring

(23)It’s

(24)else

(25)me

(26)at

(27)drove

3Grammar

tandinghowgrammarhelpstocreatemeaningin

context.

1)Observeandnotewaysofexpressing“result”.

(1)somuch/many+noun+thatintroducingaclause

(2)so+adj.+as+to-infinitive

(3)sothatintroducingaclause

(4)andintroducingaclause

(5)sointroducingaclause

(6)sameas(4)

(7)dosth.+andintroducingaclause(indicatingafuture

result)

(8)sameas(3)

(9)so+adj.+thatintroducingaclause

(10)sameas(9)

(11)sameas(5)

(12)so+adv.+(that)clause

(13)sameas(12)

(14)andsointroducingaclause

(15)sameas(9)

(16)(only)to-infinitiveofresult

2)Observethewaysofcomparingthings.

(1)more+noun+than+clauseofcomparison

(2)themore…,themore

(3)more+adj./comparativeformofadj.+than+clause

(4)as+adj.+as+clause

(5)more+than+clause

(6)sameas(3)withtheclauseomitted

(7)as+adj.+asanything:(informal)very…

(8)as+adv.+asintroducingaclause

(9)as+much/many+nounaspossibleas…asyoucan

(klysoonaspossible:as…asyoucan)

(10)sameas(8)

(11)as+adv.+asif+clause

(12)(as)+adj.+as+noun(withtherestoftheclause

omitted)

eeachpairofthesentenceafterthemodelusing

thewordsandexpressionsbelow.

1)Theboyfelloffhisbikeandbrokehisleg.

2)Itrainedalldayyesterday,sowegotnothingdoneinthe

fields.

3)Themanwassotiredthathecouldhardlyputonefoot

beforetheother.

4)Theoldmanwalkedsofastthathischildrenfoundithard

tokeepupwithhim.

5)Themanwassobadlyinjuredthattheytookhimstraight

tothehospital.

Or:Themanwasbadlyinjuredandwastakenstraighttothe

hospital.

6)Idon’tthinkheissostupidastogiveuphispresent

positonwhenjobsarehardtoobtain.

7)Theprofessorspokeveryfast,so(that)noneofthe

studentscouldtakecompletenotes.

Or:Theprofessorspokesofastthatnoneofthestudents

couldtakecompletenotes.

8)Wefoundsomuchtotalkaboutthatitwaslateatnight

whenwerememberedthetime.

9)atedhisremarksinEnglishandFrench,sothat

nobodymisunderstoodwhathe

said.

10)Themanwenttomeetagirlfriendhehadgottoknow

ontheWeb.,butonlytofindshewas

hisownwife.

11)Asit’ssomethingurgent,thesonneryoufinishit,the

better.

Or:Asit’ssomethingurgent,pleasefinishitassoonas

possible.

12)Themedicalteammustsetoutimmediately,becausethe

soonertheyarrive,themore

victimstheywillbeabletosave.

ethesentencesashsownintheexamples.

1)Using“as…as”

(1)AdultsloveHansChristianAndersen’sstoriesasmuch

aschildren(do).

(2)InChina,NewConceptEnglishisalmostaspopularas

ProfessorXu’stextbookEnglish.

(3)Sometimesajournalist’sjobisasdangerousasthatofa

policeman.

(4)Asocietyneedsfarmersandfactoryworkersasmuchas

itneedsscientistsand

economists.

(5)At60,heisaseagertolearnashewas40yearsagowhen

hewasaclooegestudent.

(6)Thefilmwasn’ustso-

so.

(7)Heisnotdoingaswellashisparentswanthimto.

(8)Theboysfindlifeatcollegeisnotasexcitingastheyused

tothink.

(9)Theguardspoleaspolitelyasfitheboywereawelcome

guest.

(10)Inoldage,aman’slifeisascalmandpeacefulasarive

rrunningthroughavastplain.

2)Using“more…than”

(1)Priceshavebeenrisingfasterthanincomes.

(2)Relationsbetweenthetwocountriesarebetterthanthey

were10yearsago.

(3)SincetheendofWorldWarII,theworldhasb杜甫诗歌 een

changingfasterthanbeforethewar.

(4)Todayahighschoolstudentknowmoreaboutthe

personalcomputerthanscientistsdid

50yearsago.

(5)Theworldhasbecomemorecrowedthanitwas50years

ago.

(6)Onthewhole,peoplearelivingabetterlifethantheydid

30yearsago.

(7)Thesooneryoulearnfromyourmistakes,themoreyou

willimprove.

(8)Themoreyoulearn,thebetteryouwillseehowlittleyou

knewbefore.

ousethepassivevoicecorrectly.

1)Thesentencestellusaboutthechangesthathavetaken

placeinyourhometowninthelast

chofthemintothepassiveform

andwriteitdowninthespacebelow.

(1)Mostslumshavebeenpulleddown.

(2)Quitealotofdecenteconomichouseshavebeenbuilt

forlow-incomefamilies.

(3)Themainstreetshavebeenwiden,andthree

superhighwayshavebeenconstructed.

(4)Theserviceindustryhasbeensteadilydeveloped.

(5)Overtheyears,thousandsofjobshavebeencreatedin

theserviceindustryforthe

residents.

(6)Alothasbeendonetoimprovetheenvironment.

(7)Quiteanumberoffactorieshavebeenmovedoutofthe

city.

(8)Alotofmoneyhasbeenspentondeucationandmedical

care.

(9)Morethan40,000youngpeoplehavebeenenrolledin

theuniversitiesinthelastthree

years.

(10)Thefacilitiesofourmajorhospitalshavebeenuphraded.

2)Changetheinfinitivephraseintosuggestions,usingthe

pattern“Ithinksomethingshouldbe

done”of“Isuggest(that)somethingbedoen”

(1)TVviolenceshouldbestricktlycontrolled.

(2)Thepoliceforceshouldbeprovidedwithbetter

equipmentandtraining.

(3)Criminals/crimesshouldbepunishedmoreseverelywhen

cromes/theyarenonthe

increase.

(4)Thosewhohelpthepolicefightcrimesshouldbe

awarded.

(5)Emphrasisshouldbeputonrehabilitationinsteadofon

punishment.

(6)Effortsshouldbemadetotruncriminalsintouseful

membersofsociety.

(7)Wrongoersshouldbegivenopportunitiestostartlife

afresh.

(8)Lawbreakerswhoarewillingtoturnoveranewleaf

shouldnotbelookeddownupon.

(9)Aslongastheybehavethemselves,releasedprinsoners

shouldnolongerbetreatedas

criminals.

nWork

Answerthequestioninabout130words.

Doyouagreewiththeauthorthatseverepunishmentisnot

theanswertotheproblemofcrim?