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2023年4月19日发(作者：大学英语四级分数线)生物专业英语蒋悟生编-翻译
The Origin of Species

Biologists Define a Species

Modern biology generally define a species as group of actually
or potentially interbreeding populationsthat is reproductively
isolated from the such groups。 Members of a species can in
terbreed with each other,but they cannot breed with organisms
belonging to another species。 One advantage of the standard
ofreproductive isolation is that it is very precise。 Notic
e, however， that it can only be applied to organismsthat rep
roduce sexually。 Asexual reproducers, including most prokaryot
es, many plants， and someanimals， must be classified into sp
ecies on the basis of physical （biochemical or morphological）
traits.

现代生物学大体将物种定义为实际上的一群或潜在的杂交群体，即从这个群体隔离
繁殖的后代。种族中个体可以互相交配，但种间不能。这种繁殖隔离的一个优势是
很精确。但仅适用于性繁殖的生物.非性繁殖，包括大咏物诗自创多数原核生物，许多植物，
某些动物，需要通过自然特征进行归类。

ting Gene Exchange

Two general types of mechanisms operate to block the exchange
of genes between individuals of relatedgroups. The first ge
neral type is made up of prezygotic isolating mechanisms that
prevent the formation ofzygotes. Prezygotic isolation falls
into two categories： ecological and behavioral. In the first

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生物专业英语蒋悟生编-翻译
case， tworelated group may become adapted to slightly differ
ent environments-perhaps varying soil types or foodsources。 O
ver time， these genetic differences become so great that succ
essful cross-fertilization can nolonger take place. In behavio
ral isolation, related groups evolve differing behaviors such a
s specificmating rituals—that restrict the exchange of genes t
o members of the same group。

两种基因型机制阻碍了相关群体中个体的基因交换。第一种基因型由前合子机械隔
离机制阻止合子的生成.前合子隔离分两类:生态学的和行为学的。第一种情况，两
个相关群体可能分别适应稍微不同的环境，如土壤类型或食物来源的变化。长时间,
这些遗传差异变得很大而很难异体受精.而行为学隔离，相关的群组进化成不同的
行为方式，例如,结婚仪式,从而限制了同群成员基因交流。

Sometimes the differences that produce prezygotic isolation invo
lve mechanical isolation。 That is，
mating is physically impossible between members of different sp
ecies because genitals of males andfemales are structurally inc
ompatible or because mol优雅是什么意思 ecules on the surfaces of sperm and e
gg fail to bind.A final type of prezygotic mechanism is tempo
ral isolation, in which time-related environmental cues thattrig
ger reproductive processes are different for related species。

有时，产生前合子隔离的差异涉及了隔离机制。即，由于生殖器结构不匹配或精卵
分子表面不结合而使不同种群成员间不能自然结合。最后一类前合子机制是暂时隔
离，与时间有关的环境因素触发了相关物种的不同繁殖过程.

In postzygotic isolating mechanisms mating occur, but the resul
ting hybrid organism is inviable orsterile。 In a special ca

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生物专业英语蒋悟生编-翻译
se of hybrid sterility termed hybrid breakdown， the second an
d subsequentgenerations after a cross show reduced reproductive
success。 Contrast this fact with the very differentoutcome
of crossbreeding between two genetically distant members of t
he same species, where the result isoften heterozygote advantag
e (hybrid vigor)。

在合子后隔离机制中，匹配可以进行,但或不产生杂种或杂种不育.杂种不育在某些
特殊情况下，是指第二代或以后几代显示出杂交繁殖能力的降低。正是同种远基因
成员间的杂交产生不同的结果，而产生杂种优势.

Populations of a species that are spread out over a broad ge
ographical range are often arrayed in a cline-a gradual change
in one or more characteristics as each population evolves ad
aptations to its own localenvironment。 Along a cline, subspe
cies with distinct characteristics may arise. Often， individu
als at eitherend of a cline are reproductively isolated。

地域上分布很广的种的群体中，经常存在变异群,因为适应当地的环境，每个
群体逐渐产生一个或多个与众不同的特点。在变异群中,带有明显特征的亚群可能
产生.通常，在两个变异群中的个体是繁殖隔离的.

ng a Species： How Gene Pools Become Isolated

Ernst Mayr\'s model of allopatric speciation proposes that speci
es can originate in a two—stage process。
In the first stage， populations of existing species are separ
ated by a physical or geographical barrier. As aresult, over
time genetic differences leading to pre— or postzygotic isol
ation arise between the two the second stage， the

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生物专业英语蒋悟生编-翻译
diverged populations may again come into contact. If this ha
ppens， speciationbecomes complete through the action of natural
selection。

Lesson Nine

The Origin of Species

1。How Biologists Define a Species

Modern biology generally define a species as group of actually
or potentially interbreeding populationsthat is reproductively
isolated from the such groups。 Members of a species can in
terbreed with each 春优质课教学设计一等奖 other，
but they cannot breed with organisms belonging to another spec
ies. One advantage of the standard ofreproductive isolation i
s that it is very precise. Notice, however, that it can on
ly be applied to organismsthat reproduce sexually. Asexual re
producers， including most prokaryotes, many plants, and someani
mals, must be classified into species on the basis of physica
l (biochemical or morphological) traits。现代生物学大体将物种定
义为实际上的一群或潜在的靡怎么读杂交群体，即从这个群体隔离繁殖的后代.种族中个体
可以互相交配，但种间不能。这种繁殖隔离的一个优势是很精确.但仅适用于性繁
殖的生物。非性繁殖，包括大多数原核生物，许多植物，某些动物,需要通过自然
特征进行归类.2。Preventing Gene Exchange

Two general types of mechanisms operate to block the exchange
of genes between individuals of relatedgroups。 The first g
eneral type is made up of prezygotic isolating mechanisms that
prevent the formation ofzygotes。 Prezygotic isolation falls

4

生物专业英语蒋悟生编-翻译
into two categories: ecological and behavioral。 In the fir
st case， tworelated group may become adapted to slightly diff
erent environments-perhaps varying soil types or foodsources.
Over time, these genetic differences become so great that succ
essful cross-fertilization can nolonger take place. In behavio
ral isolation， related groups evolve differing behaviors such
as specificmating rituals—that restrict the exchange of genes
to members of the same group.

两种基因型机制阻碍了相关群体中个体的基因交换。第一种基因型由前合子机械隔
离机制阻止合子的生成。前合子隔离分两类：生态学的和行为学的。第一种情况，
两个相关群体可能分别适应稍微不同的环境，如土壤类型或食物来源的变化。长时
间，这些遗传差异变得很大而很难异体受精。而行为学隔离，相关的群组进化成不
同的行为方式，例如，结婚仪式，从而限制了同群成员基因交流。

Sometimes the differences that produce prezygotic isolation invo
lve mechanical isolation. That is，

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生物专业英语蒋悟生编-翻译

Lesson One

mating is physically impossible between members of different sp
ecies because genitals of males andfemales are structurally inc
ompatible or because molecules on the surfaces of sperm and e
gg fail to bind.A final type of prezygotic mechanism is tempo
ral isolation， in which time-related environmental cues thattri
gger reproductive processes are different for related species。

有时,产生前合子隔离的差异涉及了隔离机制。即，由于生殖器结构不匹配或精卵
分子表面不结合而使不同种群成员间不能自然夏天诗句经典名句结合。最后一类前合子机制是暂时隔
离，与时间有关的环境因素触发了相关物种的不同繁殖过程。

In postzygotic isolating mechanisms mating occur, but the resul
ting hybrid organism is inviable orsterile。 In a special ca
se of hybrid sterility termed hybrid breakdown, the second and
subsequentgenerations after a cross show reduced reproductive
success. Contrast this fact with the very differentoutcome of
crossbreeding between two genetically distant members of the
same species, where the result isoften heterozygote advantage (
hybrid vigor).

在合子后隔离机制中，匹配可以进行，但或不产生杂种或杂种不育。杂种不育在某
些特殊情况下，是指第二代或以后几代显示出杂交繁殖能力的降低。正是同种远基
因成员间的杂交产生不同的结果，而产生杂种优势.

6

生物专业英语蒋悟生编-翻译
Populations of a species that are spread out over a broad ge
ographical range are often arrayed in a cline-a gradual change
in one or more characteristics as each population evolves ad
aptations to its own localenvironment。 Along a cline, subspe
cies with distinct characteristics may arise。 Often, individu
als at eitherend of a cline are reproductively isolated.

地域上分布很广的种的群体中，经常存在变异群，因为适应当地的环境，每个
群体逐渐产生一个或多个与众不同的特点。在变异群中，带有明显特征的亚群可能
产生。通常，在两个变异群中的个体是繁殖隔离的。

ng a Species： How Gene Pools Become Isolated

Ernst Mayr\'s model of allopatric speciation proposes that speci
es can originate in a two—stage process。
In the first stage, populations of existing species are separa
ted by a physical or geographical barrier。 As aresult, over
time genetic differences leading to pre— or postzygotic isol
ation arise between the two the second stage， the
diverged populations may again come into contact. If this ha
ppens, speciationbecomes complete through the action of natural
selection 异地物种形成模型认为，物种可能起源于两个阶段。第一阶段，已
经存在的物种群体可能由于自然或地理屏障被隔离。结果，长时间后，在两个群体
间遗传差异导致前合子或后合子隔离的产生。

Lesson One

第二阶段,这些趋异群体可能再次接触，物种发生可能通过自然选择发生。4。
The Genetic Bases of speciation

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生物专业英语蒋悟生编-翻译
The extent of differences between populations that are divergin
g into separate species or betweenspecies that have already di
verged is represented by a statistic called genetic identity-th
e relativeproportion of 孤山寺北贾亭西的全诗 the same structural genes present in m
embers of groups being compared。 In general,biologists believ
e that the genetic events leading to speciation take place gr
adually。 Once a new specieshas arisen， it tends to diverge
genetically from related species at a more rapid pace. In
some cases， such asthe primate order， major differences in
body form are not reflected by corresponding divergences inst
ructural genes。 This has led Biologists to hypothesize that
small changes in regulatory genes mayaccount for many of the
large—scale 邶风静女翻译 changes responsible for sepciation and the origin
of higher taxonomicgroups.

能够趋异的群体或已经趋异的物种，他们之间差异的扩大，由一个稳定的遗传识别
代表。即在可比群体成员中相同基因所占相关比例。大体而言,生物学家相信，遗
传导致的物种形成是逐渐发生的。在某些情况下，身体主要差别并不能反映结构基
因的趋异，生物学家因此提出，调控基因很少的改变可能导致很大规模物种改变和
更高分类学上群体的产生。

One mechanism that may rapidly split populations genetically is
polyploidization-the suddenmultiplication of an entire complemen
t of chromosomes。 This can result in sympatric speciation，
in whichnew species arise even though no geographical isolati
on has taken place. A phenomenon similar topolyploidization i
nvolving the rearrangement of chromosomes has been proposed to

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