secondly是什么意思ondly在线翻译读音例

甘肃教育学院学报(社会科学版)

JournalofGansuEducationCollege

(

SocialSciences

)

第17卷・专辑,2001Vol.17・SpecialIssue,2001

话语中表示各种逻辑关系的副词

王伯浩

(兰州商学院商英系,甘肃兰州 730000

)

话话中的副词除了在句中呈现不同的语

义外,有时还具有表示前后文、上下句及情景

与事件之间各种逻辑关系的功能。这种逻辑

关系是相对于表层语法关系而言的,其功能

主要是由言语者列举一连串事件式情景,通

过使用相关副词使上下文、前后句之间建立

起一种逻辑关系,以达到言语者的语用目的。

这类副词在英语里不少,所表示的关系也较

多样,为论述方便起见,对这些副词汇按类型

分述如下:

1.用来表示因果关系的副词

(

1

)

Hiscreativepowerisnolongerhar2

therefore

consequently

accordingly

thus

freetoexplorehisownprivate

reactionstotheworldinwhichhelives.

例(

1

)中通过使用therefore等副词,使

两句话之间建立起因果关系(

causeandcon2

sequence

)

,前句表示原因,后句表示结果,话

语显得层次分明,逻辑清楚,从而达到言语者

表示因果的语用目的。

2.用来表示上下文之间相互补充的副

词

(

2

)

Harry

,firstly,2

ondly,heistooold.

言语者在两句话中分别使用firstly和

secondly两个表示序列的副词,使两句话不

仅在句法上建立起相互依存的关系,而且在

逻辑上前后句互为补充,使意思更加完整,以

更充分地说明Harry不能胜任某项工作的理

由,从而使言语者的语用目的明确表达出来。

象这种使情景相连,并建立起相互补充关系

的副词还有moreover,indeed等,如:

(

3

)

Whatshecalled“loosedebts”hadal2

readyamounted,nottoone,buttooverthree

thousandpounds…hismotherhad,moreover,

inheritedfromhisfatheranobligation,inher

ownname,toBright’sheirs.

(

4

)

ThepeopleoftheUnitedStates…be2

cause,forexample,theardentpartisansof

theGreeksintheeighteentwenties;Monroe,

indeed,hadw张养浩生平简介 ishedtorecogni超甜超治愈的睡前小故事 zetheGreek

stateatthetimeofthedebatesonhisgreat

message.

3.表示上下文之间等效(

equivalent

)和

相似(

similar

)关系的副词

(

5

)

Whilealargehillsidefacingsouthis

anants’paradise,anareaofafewsquarefeet

oryardsonadifferentslopemayequallybe

favourable.

(

6

)

Theincumbent,ifheisrunning

for

re2election,obviouslyhashisrecordashis

onentcorre2

spondinglyisfacedwiththedilemmaofcriti2

cizinghisrecordorsupportingthepurposeand

criticizingtheirexecution.

57

副词equally和correspondingly表示上

下文之间的等效关系,而副词similarly和

likewise则往往用来与前句比较,表示两种情

景的相同或相似之处:

(

7

)

Itneednot,ofcourse,occasionsur2

prisethatabirdshouldmistakeitsreflected

ay

likewise

similarly

4.用来表示上下文或情景之间先后层

次即时间关系(

temporalrelationship

)的副词

有些副词如again,不仅可用来表示上下

文之间互为补充的关系,同时,也可表示情景

间的先后层次关系。

(

8

)

Whenamagnet

wasputintothecoil

thegalvanometerneedlemovedandasthe

magnetwasremovedtheneedleagainmoved,

butintheoppositedirection.

这种时间关系,在叙述相似事件或情景

反复发爱情的句子唯美短句发朋友圈 生和出现时,尤为明显。如:

(

9

)

Inhisfirstnovel,RoderickRandom

(

1748

)

,heportraysthelifeofhisrogue2hero

untilhismarriagewiththeloyal,beautiful,

inePickly

(

1751

)

is,

again,thenovelofaroguewho

followsadepravedlifeuntilhemarriesthevir2

tuousEmilia.

(

10

)

Hefoundthestation

yardthronged

withlorriesandguns,withafewlighttanks.

Thestation,again,wasthrongedwith

troops.

5.当对两种不同但又相类似的事件或情

景同时论及并指出两者之间的相同之处时,

往往用also或too这两个副词,在上下文之

间建立起纯属补充的逻辑关系

(

11

)

Oneofthemostusefulapplications

oftheelectricmotorfordomesticpurposesis

nclocks,

also

too

,canbeworkedbyanelectricmotor.

同also和too一样,副词even也可用来

对前文进行补充,但言语者还有使听话者感

到意外或惊奇的语用目的。

(

12

)

Ifyouliketoputitthatway,Christ

offerssomethingfornothing;Heevenoffers

everythingfornothing.

6.用来表示话说间承前启后过渡关系

的副词

(

13

)

It’scleartomehe’s

gotquitehis

shareofnerve———butthiswouldtakemore;

hofan

actorwouldyou,now,takehimtobe?

该句中副词now语义为“nowthatwe

arespeakingaboutacting”。

7.用来表示上下文之间评注与例举关系

的副词

(

14

)

Thismachinehasa3.6KWmoter.

Usingitforaquarterofanhourthusrequires

400watts.

句中副thus在语义上表示结果,但在逻

辑上后句与前句间是评注与例举关系。

8.用来对话说中某一情景加以限定,而

排除其它相关情景的副词

(

15

)

Erichas

onlyworkedinhisfather’s

otworkedanywhereelse.

(

Hehasnotbeenemployed

byme.

)

句中使用only以对inhisfather’sbusi2

ness加以限定,其语用目的是排除everyoth2

erplace,其意不言自明。而后句中对相关情

景Hehasnotbeenemployedbyme加以排

除,才能达到使用only限定情景的语用目

的。其它一些副词如just,merely,exclusive2

ly,solely等,都同only一样,可用来限定情

景,达到相同的语用目的

(

16

)

Heisjust

(

exactly,precisely…)

the

67

typeofmanIwant.

(

Iwantnoother迢迢牵牛星是什么节日 typeof

man.

)

(

17

)

Youpersonallymustfetchit.

(

You

can’tsendanyoneelse.

)

9.用来对句中部分情景限定(

partialre2

striction

)的副词

(

18

)

People

s

especi海上生明月天涯共此时意思 ally

particularly

theeaseinEngland.

(

Italso

happenedinothercountries,thoughnotto

thesameextent.

)

(

19

)

Theirfood

predominantly

(

mostly,

primarily,mainly,chiefly,largely,partly…)

consistsofmeat.

(

Tosomeextent,however,

theyalsoeatotherthings.

)

(

20

)

Realityisusuallysomethingyou

couldnothaveguessed.

(

Sometimes,howev2

er,youcouldhaveguessedit.

)

10.用来表示两句间目的和方式关系的

副词

(

21

)

thereforesoldhisoldonetome.

11.用来建立以前句为前提(

premise

)、

后句为推论(

inference

)关系的副词

(

22

)

A:Hesaiditwouldbedangerousto

tellyou.

B:Whathesays,withyou,then,

cutsagooddealofice?

若前句以条件句为前提,副词then用来

表示推论的语义更强,上下文间的逻辑关系

则更加紧密:

(

23

)

If

youhavethreedimensions,you

canthenbuildwhatwecallasolidbody.

若前提句命题明确肯定,在推论句中则

用otherwise建立起两句间的逻辑关系:

(

24

)

WemustconscientiouslystudyMa2

rxizm2Leninizm,otherwisewe’llloseour

bearings.

(

25

)

Thisrelievesthedesignerofmuchof

theneedfortheingenuityinmechanicalde2

signwhichwouldotherwisehavebeencom2

pelledtouse.

12.用来表示两者选一或取舍替换关系

的副词

(

26

)

Isuggest

thatheinvestthatmoney

,ofcourse,alter2

natively,buyahouse.

13.用来表示上下文之间对照关系的副

词

(

27

)

Hislineofficershandledthedetails;

MartinLutherKinginsteadwasalivingcoin,

tobedisplayedattheheadofthemarch.

(

28

)

Butinevolutionarytheory,wefind

thestaunchadvocatesofamaterialbasisofev2

olutiongravitingtowardtheviewthatran2

domnessandapparentindeterminismcharac2

terizetheoverallprocesswhilethevitalists,

conversely,werestronglydeterministic.

14.用来表示让步关系(

relationofcon2

cession

)的副词

(

29

)

Hisstudiesofvariedtypes

ofEnglish

lifewerefilledwithanidealismwhich

yet

still

didnotignorethecruelandsinisterinlife.

(

30

)

They

sawnoneofmyvirtueswhich

anywayhadlongbeendrownedunderyearsof

drug2takinganddesiringtodie.

(

31

)

I’dliketogowithyou,however,

myhandsarefull.

15.用来表示方式(

mannerormeans

)的

关系副词

(

32

)

Onlyhe,though,couldhavechris2

tenedthatunderstanding———heonlythus

couldmarkedtheenormousbreach.

77

(

33

)

Incitingtheamountofmoving

aroundasevidencethatItherebyhavesome2

whatundercutmyargumentaboutthelong2

rangetrend.

(

34

)

Whennolongerserviceable,or

whentherequiredapprovalstampsareno

longerlegible,andtheequipmentcannototh2

erwisebeidentifiedasapprovedsuchequip2

mentmustbereplaced.

最后值得一提的是,在语言交际中,副词

表示各种逻辑关系的功能并不仅仅局限于上

下文与前后句之间,副词用来建立与语境间

逻辑关系的现象也十分普遍。

(

35

)(

Afatherforgets

togiveoneofhis

sonsanapple,andthenthissonsays

)

I,too,

wantan除夕的来历简短 apple.

(

36

)(

Apersonishandedacupofteabut

hesays

)

Nothankyou,canIinsteadhavejust

aglassofwater.

(

37

)

Youare

herebyacquittedofthe

crime.

(

=“bymysayingthis”)

参考文献:

[1]Grice,H・ndConversationSyntax

andSemantics3[M].NewYork:Academic

press,1975.

[2]Harman,lForm[J].Foundations

ofLanguage,1972,

(

9

)

.

[3]Horn,emanticPropertiesof

LogicOperatorsinEnglish[M].,Uni2

versityofCalifornia,LosAngeles,1972.

[4]Lakoff,sandOpacity[M].

ityofMichigan,1970.

[5]Mocawley,ticandLogicalArgu2

mentsforSemanticStructures[M]2

anaUniversityClub,1972.

[6]Thomason,Richmond,2

manticTheoryofAdverbs[J].LinguisticInquiry,

1974,

(

4

)

.

(责任编辑:辛俊武)

87