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2023年3月31日发(作者：its a small world)一、 国际商务

international business refers to: transaction between parties from different countries. It involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business.

What is licensing? Why do firms sometimes choose it as a means of entering a foreign market?

It is a firm lease the right to use its intellectural property to a firm in another country. Because they do not have to make cash payment to start business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty.

20世纪的后半叶，国际商务成了推动经济发展的重要力量。在当今世界，极少有什么国家能够在经济上自给自足。基石是像中国这样有着丰富人力和自然资源的国家，也不能孤立于世界经济之外。在美国，国际商务与人们的日常生活休戚相关。

国际商务是两国或更多的国家间进行的商务活动，包括买卖货物和服务。其他国际商务形式还包括：营销，制造，采矿和农业。总之，国际商务包括一个国家内进行的所有的商务活动，只不过这些活动是在国家间进行的。

国际商务不是在真空中进行的，而是在有关组织制定的国际性或区域性法规的条件下进行的。尽管这些组织不同，但是他们有一些共同的特征：发展成员国之间的贸易，建立共同的法律法规，促进成员国之间进行公平贸易，保护成员国免受来自非成员国的竞争。有些组织的存在是为了方便国家间的金融往来或是为了成员国的特别利益，比如在某一特别商品上的贸易。



二、 收入水平和国际市场

GDP：measures the market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.

GNP: refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy.



三、 区域经济一体化

Free trade area：is the loosest form of regional economic integration. Members of a free trade area removes barriers to the flow of goods and services among themselves while each member still adopts its own policy as regards to trade with outsiders.

The highest form of economic integration is called the economic union which is characterized by integration of the domestic policies of its members in respect of economy, finance etc. in addition to absence of trade barriers, practice of common external policy and free production factor mobility.



四、 经济全球化

World company: a multinational whose national identity has been blurred.

Affiliate: a subsidiary company controlled by another.

The basic feature of free flow of commodity, capital, technology, service, and information in the global context for optimized allocation, economic globalization is giving new impetus and providing opport英俊潇洒 unities to world economic development and meanwhile making the various economies more and more interdependent and interactive.

The characteristics of the MNEs:

enormous size, wide geographical spread, longevity and rapid growth.

多数跨国公司都是由很多国外子公司组成的，母公司拥有子公司50%以上的股份。如所有公司一样，跨国公司以也是按照它们的目标来组织的。它们努力得到必须的资源：原料、劳动力、资金，同时通过在世界范围内获得更多资源，通过全球范围内的合作获得发展。这使它们不断提高自己在国外市场的地位，即增加它们的市场份额。通过将利润谨慎地再进行投资以获取更多资源，跨国公司发展成强大的实体。它们不得不雇用更多的当地人才并从国外购买原料。



五、 国际贸易1-绝对与比较优势

Primary commodities those commodities are not processed, only sl行辈的拼音 ightly processed, usually farm produce or raw materials.

Exploit: to develop the use of, make the best use of.

specialization: to restrict one’s economic activities to certain particular fields.

comparative advantage: it holds that even of a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, i.e. it has absolute disadvantage in producing both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.

Who introduced the theory of comparative advantage? Which theory makes more sense , absolute advantage or comparative advantage? Give a typical example to illustrate the comparative advantage of a particular country.

The idea of comparative advantage introduced by the English economist David Ricardo makes more sense. Swizerland’s comparative advantage in watchmaking is a typical example.

国际贸易是国家间进行的商品交换。它产生有许多的原因。首先，没有一个国家能生产它需要的全部产品。自己的国家内缺少某些资源的国家必须从那些出口该资源的国家购买。第二，一个国家往往没有足够曾参烹彘怎么读 多的某项产品来满足其所需，而必须进口一些来满足需要。第三，一个国家能够比别的国家以较低成本销售某些产品，而且还从对有关产品具有比较优势的国家购买所需产品。最后，即使一个国家可以以合理的成本生产足够的产品满足本国的需要，它仍可能为了革新或调剂品种而从别的国家进口一些。



六、 国际贸易2-

Moat-favoured-nation treatment: it refers to a tariff treatment under which a country id requited to extend to all signatories any tariff concession granted to any participating country. However, the MFN treatment is not really special but is just normal trading status. It gives a country the lowest tariffs only within the tariff schedule, but it is still possible to have lower tariffs.

Drawback: duties paid on imported goods that are refunded when reexported.

Remittance: money send by post

Tariff: duties imposed on goods imported and exported.



七、 贸易术语

Incoterms: a set of international rules for the interpretation of trade terms.

传统上

，在CFR和CIF条件下，已装船提单是唯一能接受的提单。提单履行三个重要功能，即：货物已装上船的凭证。运输合同的证明。一种通过转移书面单据来转移对所运货物所有权的方式。

按照惯例，提单签发的时候都会有几份正本。当然，买方或其银行必须确保卖方交出所有正本，这对他们是至关重要的。这也是国际商会跟单信用证规则的一个要求。

运输单据不但要证明货物交给了承运人而且证明虎屋在完好的状态下叫交给了承运人。提单上表明货物未在良好状态下受到的任何批注都使提单“不清洁”并因此不能接受。尽管提单有特殊的法律性质，我们还是可以期望在不久的将来它被电子数据交换程序所代替。1990年版本的国际贸易术语解释通则已充分考虑了预期的这一发展。



八、 商业合同

Contract proper: the main body of a contract

Offeree: the party to whom an offer is made.

Force majeure: social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control of a contracting party.

Voluntary offer: an offer made on the initiative of the offerer.

Is an inquiry binding on the inquirer? What is a first inquiry, and what information should be given in it?

An inquiry is made without engagement on the party of the inquirer. In case of a first enquiry, that is, an enquiry sent to an exporter whom the importer has never dealt with, information should be given in the enquiry as to how the name and address of the exporter have been obtained, the business line and usual practice of the importer, etc. so as to facilitate the exporter’s work.

一份合同是买卖双方共同保证买卖某些产品的协定。Executed contract 是双方已执行合同。执行合同是将来要执行和合同。在商业行为中，有些非正式合同是口头达成的。这是可以理解的，但可能酿成严重后果。一个明智的出口商至少应在遇到非同寻常的订货时坚持严格要求按法规履约。当订购货物金额较大时，应追被体现所有协议条款的合同一式两份，在每份合同上双方均需签字，然后美方保留一份。





九、 贸易方式

Buyback: an agreement by an exporter of plant and equipment to take back in future part of the output produced by these goods as full or partial payment.

Counter trade: International barter in which one country agrees to import commodities from another country to which it exports commodities.

Devaluation: the act of government in reducing by law the exchange value of its currency in unit of global or as compared with other currencies.

Hyperinflation: soaring of prices out of control.

Inflation: rise in prices brought about by the excess demand, expansion of money supply, credit etc.

The major advantages of counter trade: helping to deal with foreign exchange shortage, promoting export, reducing uncertainty regarding export r

eceipts, bypassing international price agreement, helping countries with debt problems to import goods, the drawbacks of counter trade.

对销贸易（反向贸易）在中央计划经济国家和不太发达国家中使用要普遍得多。由于这些国家缺乏成熟的和具有竞争性的市场，对销贸易的作用变得更加重要。在此情况下，对销贸易可看成是以一种国家契约的形式去处理贸易困难。

实际好处的存在时因为对销贸易所产生的特殊环境。当这种环境改变时，这种好处就可能不复存在——就像目前许多国家的请跨国一样，经济结构调整，如东欧和其他地区的私有化和市场的发展也许意味着产生对销贸易的环境正在变化从而减少了对销贸易产生的频率。对所有权限制的减少由可能将组织形式朝着合资企业和独资企业拥有生产设施的方向改变。对合同责任认识的提高、经验的丰富和依法实施的改善将有可能意味着越来越多地使用更长期、更复杂详细的交易合同。



十、 国际支付

Clean draft: the draft which are not accompanied by the (relevant) shipping documents.

Usance credit: is one by which payable at a later 30, 45, 60, 90 days after sight or date.

Bill of exchange: is an unconditional order to a bank or at a fixed time in future to pay a sum of money.

What is the difference between D/P at sight and D/P after sight? Which is more favorable for the exporter?

The former requires immediate payment by the importer to get hold of the documents. The latter give the importer a certain period after presentation of the documents, but documents are not release to him until he actually pays for the merchandise. D/P at sight is more favorable than D/P after sight.

What is documentary collection? point out the different types of it.

Is a means of ensuring that the goods are only handed over to the buyer when the amount shown on a bill of exchange is paid or when the customer accepts the bill as a contract to pay by a specified date.

跟单托收是一种付款方法，当货物汇票所示金额付清后，或客户承兑汇票作为指定日期付款的契约时，货物才交给买方.

出口商吧汇票和货运单据交给他的银行，该银行再将汇票和单据交个客户国家银行。该银行或出口商在有关国家的代理把单据交给客户。如果是极其汇票，客户便直接支付。如果是远期汇票，他在汇票上签字，意思是承兑该货物，在指定时间内付款。

现在客户变有提货权，该货物可能已到达目的港，客户的银行将收到的货款转给出口商的银行，该银行即把货款付给出口商。



十一、信用证1

Applicant: the importer that goes to a bank for the establishment of an L/C.

Opening bank: the bank that issue a credit.

Beneficiary: the company that can 孟郊和贾岛被称为什么 make sure of an L/C to get paid for its

export.

Advising bank: the opening bank sends the credit to its correspondent bank in the exporter’s country, who will after examining the credit, advise the exporter of it receipt. here the correspondent bank is called the advising bank.

Confirming bank: the bank that adds its own commitment to an L/C.

然而应该注意，有了信用证并不能保证对任何人付款，信用证只保证在其条款得到满足的情况下对受益人付款。另外，信用证不担保发票载明的货物或实际装运的货物就是所购货物。开立信用证的一囊只处理单据而不是货物。他们对实际商品部承担进行检验的法律责任。所运商品的质量和数量，虽然在银行开立的信用证中有明确规定，但最终还是取决于生产货物、包装货物、并安排装运货物的卖方的诚实和信誉。如果买方发现货物有标记不符或空箱等问题，他必须向卖方提出，而不是向银行。



十二、信用证2——类型

Clean credit: a credit that does not require shipping documents for payment.

Sight credit: a credit by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draft.

Maturity: becoming due.

Middleman: trader through whom goods pass between the producer and the consumer.

可转让信用证是为适合国际贸易的需要而设计的。它使在跟单信用证项下从卖方收取货款的中间商能够把自己信用证项下的权利转让给他的供应商。这样，他就可以只凭开支有限的资金而进行交易。

可转让信用证只可转让一次。除非信用证有明确规定。第二受益人不可以再把信用证转让。这种对转让作出的限制是为了防止滥用转让。另一方面第一受益人在信用证允许分批装运的情况下可以吧原证中的几个部分分别转让给几个不同的供货商。几个部分的转让加在一起构成一次转让。



十三、世界贸易中所需要的主要单据

Consignee: the party in the bill of lading to whom the goods are shipped.

What are the factors that decide the type of documents require for a particular transaction?

Different documents are required for different transaction, depending on the nature of the deal, the term of delivery, the type of commodity, stipulations of credit, regulations and practices in different countries .

What are the 3 major function of bill of lading?

It serves as a cargo receipt signed by the carrier and issued to the shipper or consignor, it constitutes a contract of carriage between the carrier and the consignor, it is a document of title to the goods.

记名提单是为了只让规定的收货人提取该提单项下的货物。收货人是由托运人指定的。承运人必须把货物交给指定的收货人，而不能交给任何持有该提单的第三方。这种提单是不可转让的。托运人不能通过倍数将其转给第三方。由于作用受到限制，这种提单是用很有限，一

般是在运输样品、展览品的非盈利目的的货物，或特别贵重商品时使用记名提单。



十四、运输

Can you summarize briefly the factors that have cause the changes in the transportation industry?

Transportation deregulation, just-in-time inventory system, competition based on high levels customer service, globalization of business.

How do you define transportation?

Transportation is defined as the movement of freight and passengers from one location to another.

为了给某种产品选定一种运输方式，货主要考虑6个问题：速度，频率，可靠性，能力，便利性和成本。这样，若货主要求速度，空运和汽车是首要选择。如果目标是降低成本，那么水运和管道运输最好。由于集装箱化得发展，货主越来越多地将两种或者更多的运输方式结合在一起。集装箱化是指将货物装入便于在两种运输放时间呼唤的箱子里或拖车上。每种联运都为货运人提供了某些便利。例如铁路-公路联运要比完全汽车运输便宜而且更灵活更方便。

运输方式的选择必须考虑到各种运输方式的长处和不足，以及它们对其他有关因素如仓储和库存的影响。随着时间的推移，不同运输方式之间的行啊对成本会发生变化，公司需要重新分析其选择以便找到最佳安排。



十五、保险1

Premium：amount paid by all insured for coverage under the contract.

Claim: make a demand for (money) under the terms of an insurance policy.

保险授权书是让经纪人进行投保的指令，它可以通过口头传达或通过电话传达，也可以通过书信或电传以书面形式传达。授权书包括投保所需的所有信息并能使经纪人已最大诚信公开风险的性质和程度。

货物保险习惯上虽不适用建议书，但许多公司的确使用过渡性的申请书列出他们所需的信息。因为越详细的情况就越有减少违反最大诚信原则的可能。因此，最好是提供充分的信息而不要只局限于提供最低限度地情况。必须公开每个实质性的事项并根据每一批货物的情况来决定“实质性的”事项是什么。



十六、保险2

Indemnity：compensation for loss

Subrogate：to substitute a claim against one person for a claim against another pe逍遥游完整版原文 rson.

Insurable interest：no one may insure anything unless he has an interest in it, which means that if the thing insured is preserved he will derive a benefit from its preservation.

Multi-model transportation：transport that combines road, rail, sea and air.



十七、国际活体体系与汇率

Selling rate: is the rate by which a bank sells a currency.

Gold reserve: the stock of gold coin and bullion (gold bars) held by a note-issuing bank in a country on the gold standard.

Fluctuation: upward and downward movements in the economic system.

Devaluation: the act of a government

in reducing by law the exchange value of its currency in units of gold or as compared with other currencies.

加快战后重建工作符合所有国家的利益。同样，在某些地区，开发资源也符合经济发展的总体利益。重建及开发计划将加快各国经济发展，有助于政治稳定和促进和平。

布雷顿森林会议一致认为扩大国际投资至关重要，可以为战后重建和开发提供一部分必要的资金。

会议还同样各国通过正常商务渠道来增加对外投资以实现以上目标。特备重要的是各国应共同分担这些对外投资的风险。

会议一致同意建立一个永久性的国际机构来行使这些职责，机构的名称就叫做国际复兴开发银行，此银行通过正常渠道为能提高借款国生产力的项目提供长期低息贷款。会议还就该银行必须掌握的权利和资源，以及成员国应履行的义务达成了一致意见，并起草了相关的协议条款。

会议还建议在执行这些政策的过程中给予那些遭受敌国侵害的国家以特别关注。



十八、国际金融机构

IMF: international monetary fund

IBRD: international bank for reconstruction and development

IDA:中秋月亮图片真实 international development association

IFC: international finance corporation

MIGA: multilateral investment guarantee agency

国际结算银行（BIS）是一家很独特的机构。虽然它的许多种业务是商业银行的业务，但是它主要是由中央银行所有，由中央银行管理，它的主要客户也是中央银行。BIS的目标在于促进中央银行间的合作，为他们从事国际业务提供更多的便利BIS有80家中央银行的存款，并通过其机构经营者全世界10%的外汇储备。它广泛地从事银行间的交易和业务，又是是为自己，又是是作为代理人或中央银行的往来行，他帮助解决了一些发展中国家的债务问题，为全球金融合作提供了帮助。



十九、对外直接投资

Acquisition: company expansion through the purchase of other business.并购

Intellectual property: certain non-tangible assets held, principally covering the areas of patent protection, registered trade marks and designs, and copy-right.

Joint venture: a business where the provision of risk capital is shared between two or more firms.

What is foreign direct investment: is a major form of international investment, whereby residents of one country acquire assets in a foreign country for the purpose of controlling and management them.

Why controlling cost is the major motivation for? Lowing production coasts is an important consideration. a country may have lower land pric高一语文必背知识点 e, tax rates or coast of labor, all of which will reduce the coast to a considerable degree, making foreign locations more attractive. And also to reduce the transportation cost and save the fees for long distance transportation.

一般有一种误解

，认为寻找市场的外国直接投资进入零售业等国内行业对发展起不了多少推动作用。事实真好相反，巴西、波兰、泰国等零售业中的外国投资时促进三国生产发展的主要因素，使价格下降，消费上升。大型外国零售商还促使批发商和食品加工商加快发展。现在，它们正成为重要的出口来源。进入泰国的TESCO，进入巴西的沃尔玛证越来越多的把当地产品纳入它们的全球供应链。



二十、国际证劵交易所

Equities: company stocks

Securities: stocks and bonds

Foreign equity? Is it became a important part of securities business?

It’s refers to securities listed on overseas exchanges have become an increasingly important part of securities business.

普遍来说美国投资者比他们的英国同行更喜欢投机，他们常常用借来的钱投资而自己的现钱也许只占10%。打量资金的涌入使纽约股票交易市场的价格持续上升。终于，在1929年10月不可避免的事情发生了，股票价格开始下跌。投机者的抛售引起了恐慌，人们不但配光了自己的钱，连所借的90%也赔了进去。抛售引起了更多的抛售，结果价格直线跌落。就像两个世纪前英格兰的南海泡影那场大骗局一样，许多人破了产。仅在10月24日就有11人丛华尔街周围的建筑上跳楼身亡。

事实上在大西洋的另一边这场灾难造成的影响比较小。虽然价格下跌，银根紧缩，所有有关美国股票的生意都停止了，但价格只下跌了15%左右。伦敦人付出的代价并不大。在30年代的大萧条中股票市场还要经历更为艰难的时期，但是它还会挺过去。



二十一、世界贸易组织与中国

Generalized system of preferences: developed countries grant developing countries favorable lower tariffs without granting them to developed members. And developing countries do not have to reciprocate such favorable treatment to the developed countries.

Anti-dumping: one form of action which may be taken by a government to protect industries from unfair competition by which goods are sold at a price lower than in the country where they are manufactured.

Mandate: authority given to perform a duty.

GATT: general agreement on tariff and trade.

The major objectives: to promote free trade by encouraging members to adopt nondiscriminatory, predictable trade polices; to further reduce trade barriers through multilateral negotiations; to establish more effective trade dispute settlement procedures.

但是在短期和不太长的时期内，外国银行进入中国市场将能利用低廉的价格和高教的服务，包括远程银行服务，从国内银行拉走打量客户，尤其是受重视的客户。这将导致国内银行手中掌握的资金减少。政府面临的最严峻的挑战是消除坏账，执行谨慎、规范的经营模式，加强对银行的管理，以使国内银行能

适应国际竞争。为应对这些挑战，一些国内银行将选择与外国银行结成伙伴，这使外国银行在中国金融市场站住脚跟，使国内银行能学习外国同行，并从外国伙伴那里筹到更多资金。



二十一、联合国贸易和发展大会

Preference: a practical advantage given to one over others

Counterpart: a person or鄱阳湖在哪个省份 thing that closely resembles another in position or function.

联合国贸易与发展会议是联合国系统内政府间的机构，它的设立时为了全面回顾、发展贸易并进行有关其他事项。贸发会议旨在促进所有国家，尤其是发展中国家的经济和贸易的发展。它成立40多年来，在促进南北对话和合作、促进发展中国家经济贸易进步、帮助这些国家加快步伐融入多边贸易经济体系上都起到了重要作用。