illusions是什么意思usions在线翻译读音

PositiveIllusions

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❶Researchintoself-awarenessconsistentlyshowsthatmostpeoplethinkandspeakhighlyof

dagain,subjectsseepositivetraitsasmoreself-descriptivethannegative

ones,theyratethemselvesmorehighlythantheyrateothers,theyratethemselvesmorehighlythan

theyareratedbyothers,theyoverestimatetheircontributiontoteamefforts,andtheyexaggerate

’snotthatweconsciouslyflatterourselves,ponse5

,whensubjectsarebusyordistractedastheymake

self-ratings,thejudgmentstheycomeupwitharequickerandevenmorefavorable.

❷Mostpeoplealsoexhibit“unrealisticoptimism,”atendencytopredictauniquelybrightandrosy

futureforthemselves.(A)■Collegestudentsaskedtopredicttheirownfuturecomparedtothatof

theirclassmatesbelieved,onaverage,thattheyweremorelikelytograduatehighe渐渐的反义词 rintheirclass,get10

abetterjob,earnahighersalary,haveahappiermarriage,andbearagiftedchild.(B)■Theyalso

believedthattheywerelesslikelytogetfired,becomedepressed,becomeinvolvedinacaraccident,

orsufferfromaheartattack.(C)■Manyotherexamplesillustratethispoint—aswhenvoterspredict

thattheirfavoredcandidatewillprevailandsportsfansbetontheirfavoriteteamstowin.(D)■

❸Psychologistsusedtoagreethatanaccurateperceptionofrealityisvitaltomentalhealth.15

Moreandmore,however,

theseillusionsasignofwell-beingorsymptomsofdisorder?

❹In1988twopsychologistsreviewedtherelevantresearchandnoticedthatpeoplewhoare

mildlydepressedorlowinself-esteemhavelessinflatedandsometimesmorerealisticviewsof

elf-appraisalsaremorelikelytomatch20

appraisalsofthemmadebyneutralothers,theyarelesslikelytoexaggeratetheircontrolover

uncontrollableevents,nthese

results,psychologistsarrivedattheprovocativeconclusionsthatwhenitcomestotheself,positive

illusions—notaccurateperceptionsofreality—rwords,

“theseillusionshelpmakeeachindividual’sworldawarmerandmoreactiveandbeneficentplace25

inwhichtolive.”Infact,researchinvolvingpeopleunderstress—suchaspeoplewithserious

illness—showsthatperceivedcontrol,optimism,andotherpositivebeliefsare“healthprotective”

psychologicalresourcesthathelppeoplecopewithadversity.

❺Othguethat

positiveillusionscangiverisetochronicpatternsofself-destruction—aswhenpeopleescapefrom30

self-awarenessthroughtheuseofdrugsanddenyhealth-relatedproblemsuntilit’stoolatefor

iesofinterpersonalrelations,peoplewithinflatedratherthanrealisticviewsof

the五岳归来不看山 msestudies,

self-enhancingmenwereseenasassertiveandambitious,whichareOK,butalsoasboastful,

condescending,hostile,-enhancingwomenwereseenasmorehostile,35

moredefensiveandsensitivetocriticism,morelikelytooverreacttominorsetbacks,andless

tentwiththesefindings,otherresearchshowsthatpeoplefilledwith

highself-esteemaremorelikelytolashoutangrilyinresponsetocriticism,rejection,andother

ult:Peoplewithinflatedself-imagesmaymakeagoodfirstimpression

onothers,buttheyarelikedlessandlessastimewearson.40

❻Realismorillusion,whichorientationismoreadaptive?Aspsychologistsdebatethe

short-termandlong-termconsequencesofpositiveillusions,it’sclearthatthereisnosimpleanswer.

Fornow,itseemsthatpeoplewhoharborpositiveillusionsaboutthemselvesarelikelyto

enjoythebenefitsandachievementsofhighself-esteembutmaysufferintheirrelationswith

arewetoconclude?Isitpossiblethatillusionsmotivateustopersonal45

ac萎字组词 hievementbutalienateussociallyfromothers?Coulditbethatit’sadaptivetoseeoneselfin

waysthatareslightlyinflated,butnottoomuch?Itwillbeinterestingtoseewhatresearchersfind

intheyearstocome.

PositiveIllusions

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aph1mentionsallofthefollowingasevidencethatpeoplethinkhighlyofthemselves

EXCEPT

(A)Peopleconsiderthemselvestobebetterthanothers.

(B)Peoplethinktheyhavemorecontroloftheirlivesthantheyreallydo.

(C)Peoplethinkaboutthemselvesasoftenwhentheyarebusyaswhentheyarenotbusy.

(D)Peoplebelievethattheirparticipationonateamismoreimportantthantheparticipationof

others.

graph2,theauthorprovidesalistofpossiblenegativeeventsinthefuturelivesof

collegestudentsasexamplesof

(A)whathappenswhenpeoplehaveunrealisticoptimism

(B)situationsthatcollegestudentsbelievemayfaceothersbutwillnothappentothem

(C)situationsthatcanoccurwhenpeoplelackconfidenceinthemselves

(D)howoptimismaboutthefuturecanhelppeopledealwithproblems

dprevailinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

(A)impress

(B)appear

(C)accept

(D)succeed

graph2,theauthormentionscollegestudents,voters,andsportsfanstosupportthe

pointthat

(A)mostpeopletendtobeoptimistic

(B)certainpeoplelosetheiroptimismquickly

(C)educationplaysaroleinhowpeopleviewthefuture

(D)collegestudentsdif洛阳亲友如相问出自王昌龄的哪首诗 ferfrompeopleinthegeneralpopulation

dvitalinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

(A)related

(B)unusual

(C)essential

(D)familiar

fthefollowingstatementsaboutmentalhealthcanbeinferredfromparagraph3?

(A)Manypsychologistshavechallengedtheideathatmentalhealthisrelatedtopositiveillusions.

(B)Psychologistshaveonlyrecentlybeguntoconsiderpositiveillusionsassymptomsof

mentaldisorder.

(C)Psychologistsnowagreethatmorementalhealthresearchisneededtolearnhowpeople

cangainanaccurateperceptionofreality.

(D)Somepsychologistsnowbelievethatpeoplewholackarealisticself-perceptionmay

actuallybementallyhealthy.

dadversityinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

(A)confidence

(B)misfortune

(C)opportunity

(D)confusion

dOthersinthepassagerefersto

(A)psychologists

(B)peopleunderstress

(C)eternaloptimists

(D)hardrealists

dfavorablyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

(A)frequently

(B)positively

(C)clearly

(D)carefully

PositiveIllusions

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ingtoparagraph5,whatistherelationshipbetweenpositiveillusionsandthewaymen

andwomenareviewedinsocialsituations?

(A)Bothmenandwomenwithunrealisticviewsofthemselvesareoftendislikedbyothersand

seenashavingnegativecharacteristics.

(B)Menwhohavepositiveillusionsaboutthemselvesareconsideredlesssociallyaccepted

thanwomenwiththesamepositiveillusionsaboutthemselves.

(C)Womenwithpositiveillusionsareseenaslikelytohandleminorsetbacksinsocial

situationsbetterthanmenare.

(D)Itisbelievedthatmenwithpositiveillusionsaboutthemselvesshowmoreangerinsocial

situationsthanwomenwithpositiveillusionsdo.

waysareparagraphs4and5relatedtoeachother?

(A)Paragraph4describesthecharacteristicsofeternaloptimists,andparagraph5describesthe

characteristicsofhardrealists.

(B)Paragraph4introducesaconceptaboutpositiveillusions,andparagraph5provides

specificexamples.

(C)Paragraph4indicatesanolderviewofpositiveillusions,andparagraph5providesamore

recentunderstandingofpositiveillusions.

(D)Paragraph4showstheadvantagesofpositiveillusions,andparagraph5showsthe

disadvantagesofpositiveillusions.

fthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlighted

sentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveout

essentialinformation.

(A)Inmoderntimes,peoplewhohavepositiveillusionsoftensuffermorethanpeoplewith

realisticviewsaboutthemselves.

(B)Thecurrentthinkingisthathigh-esteemcanbepositiveinsomewaysbutadisadvantage

insocialinteractions.

(C)Itonlyappearsthattherearebenefitstohighself-esteem,whereasinrealitypositive

illusionscreateproblems.

(D)Peoplewholackself-esteemoftenbelievethatthosewithpositiveillusionsnowsufferin

theirrelationships.

thefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothe

passage.

Thepatternthatclearlyemergedfromthisstudywasthatthestudentstypicallyrated

themselvesaboveaverageforpositiveeventsandbelowaveragefornegativeevents.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

ions:mpletethesummary

bycirclingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.

Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresented

estionisworth2points.

Psychologistswhostudyself-awarenes稚子弄冰翻译及赏析 shavefoundthatmostpeoplehaveapositiveimage

ofthemselves.

AnswerChoices

(A)Peopletendtobeoptimisticabouttheirfutureandtobelievetheywillbesuccessful.

(B)Collegestudentsareoftenmorerealisticaboutwhattheirliveswillbelikethanotherpeopleare.

(C)Manypsychologistswhooncebelievedthatcompletelyrealisticviewsofourselvesare

importantformentalhealthnowbelievethatthisisno寸草不生的意思 tnecessarilytrue.

(D)Theresearchdonebypsychologistsin1988showedthatthewayothersseeuscanmakeus

feelmildlydepressedorcontributetoourlowself-esteem.

(E)Researchshowsthatmenaremorelikelytosufferfromhealth-relatedproblemsandto

becomea七夕节日 ngryduetolowerself-esteemthanwomenare.

(F)Unrealisticoptimismcanbenefithealth,well-being,andtheabilitytohandledifficulties,

butitmayalsodamagesocialrelationsandleadpeopletoactinself-destructiveways.