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2023年4月19日发(作者：2013中秋放假)CHAPTER 1 AUTOMOTIVE BASICS

1.1 Principal Components 主要构成零部件
Today\'s average car contains more than 15,000 separate, individual parts that must
work together. These parts can grouped into four major categories: engine, body,
chassis and electrical equipment. 现在，一般汽车由大约一万五千多个独立的零部件
组成。这些部件分为四大类，即发动机（引擎系统），车身，底盘和电气设备。

1.2 Engine 发动机/引擎系统
The engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion诽谤是什么意思 engine is most
common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder.
There are two types of engine :gasoline(also called a spark-ignition engine) and
diesel(also called a compression-ignition engine).Both engines are called heat engines;
the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its
pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the transmission.
引擎的作用是动力产生的部件。内燃机引擎最为常见。引擎通过燃烧其汽缸内的
液体汽油来获得能量（将汽油的能量转化为动能来驱动汽车）。引擎分为汽油（火花引
燃式）发动机和柴油（压燃式）发动机。这两类发动机都被称为热力机。燃烧的汽油
产生热量，促使汽缸内的气体气压增强，从而提供能量以旋转（启动）传输轴。

1.3 Body 车身
An automobile body is a sheet metal shell with windows, doors, a hood, and a
trunk deck built into it. It provides关于水的诗句100首 a protective covering for the engine, passengers, and
cargo. The body is designed to keep passengers safe and comfortable. The body styling
provides an attractive, colorful, modern appearance for the vehicle.
汽车车身是由金属薄片壳、车窗、车门、发动机罩和行李舱盖等共同构成。车身

为发动机，乘客和货物提供了一个防护罩。车身的设计应该遵循保证乘客安全和舒适
的原则。车身的风格使汽车具有了引人注目、彩色的，现代的外立面。
1.4 Chassis 底盘
The chassis is an assembly of those systems that are the major operating part of a
vehicle. The chassis includes the transmission, suspension, steering, and brake systems.
底盘由汽车的主要操作系统组装而成。包括传动系、行驶系、转向系和制动系四
部分。
Transmission systems ― conveys the drive to the wheels. The main components
are clutch, gearbox, driveshaft, final drive, and differential.
传动系-将驱动力传递到车轮。主要组成部件是离合器、变速箱、传动轴、主减速
器和差速器。
Suspension― absorbs the road shocks.
悬挂系-吸收路面震动。
Steering― controls the direction of the movement.
转向系-控制汽车的行驶方向。
Brake― slows down the vehicle.
制动系-使汽车减速缓行。
1.5 Electrical Equipment 电气设备
The electrical system supplies electricity for the ignition, horn, lights, heater, and
starter. The electricity level is maintained by a charging circuit. This circuit consists of
the battery, alternator (or generator). The battery stores electricity. The alternator
changes the engine\'s mechanical energy into electrical energy and recharges the
battery.
电系统为点火，喇叭，灯光，发热器和起动器提供电。通过循环充电来维持电量。

这条电路由电池，交流发电机(或者发电机)组成。蓄电池储存电。交流发电机把发动机
的机械能换成电能并给电池再充电
Review Questions
1. List the main parts of an automobile?
2. W己亥杂诗龚自珍其5 hat are the common types of a vehicle according to body styling?
3. Which systems does a chassis include and what are the main functions of the
chassis?
4. Why are suspension systems used on vehicles?
CHAPTER2 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE 内燃发动机
2.1 principle of operation 发动机的工作原理/操作原理
2.1.1 Engine and power 发动机与能量

Engine is used to produce power.
发动机产生动能。中国传统节日及风俗
The chemical energy in fuel is converted to heat by the burning of the fuel at a
controlled rate. This process is called combustion. If engine combustion occurs with the
power chamber, the engine is called internal combustion engine. If combustion takes
place outside the cylinder, the engine is called an external combustion engine. 汽油燃
料通过受控速度的燃烧讲自身的化学能转化为热能。这个过程称作燃烧。如果发动机
的内燃在燃料室中发上，发动机被称作内燃发动机。如果内燃发生在汽缸外，发动机
则被称作外燃发动机。
Engine used in automobiles are internal combustion heat engines. 汽车的发动
机是内燃发动机。
Heat energy released in the combustion chamber raises the temperature of the
combustion gases with the chamber. The increase in gas temperature causes the

pressure of the gases to increase. The pressure developed within the combustion
chamber is applied to the head of a piston to produce a usable 因为拼音 mechanical force, which
is then converted into useful mechanical power. 燃烧汽缸中释放的热能将汽缸内的内
燃其他温度升高。气体温度的升高导致其他压强增大。汽缸内的压强不断产生以用于
活塞头产生可用的机械动力，随后转变成为有用的机械动能。
2.1.2 Engine Terms 发动机术语
Linking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate
the shaft through half a turn.
连动杆将汽缸活塞与机轴联接起来，这种连接促使气体
The power stroke “uses up” the gas, so means must be provided to expel the burnt
gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture :this control of gas
movement is the duty of the valves ;an inlet valve allows the new mixture to enter at the
right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas after the gas has done its job.
Engine terms are :
TDC(Top Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is
farther away from the crankshaft. 上止点
BDC(Bottom Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston
is nearest to the crankshaft. 下止点
Stroke : the distance between BDC and TDC; stroke is controlled by the
crankshaft. 冲程
Bore : the internal diameter of the cylinder. 内孔（汽缸的内直径）
Swept volume : the volume between TDC and BDC. 活塞排量
Engine capacity : this is the swept volume of all the cylinder e.g. a four-stroke
having a capacity of two liters(2000cm) has a cylinder swept volume of 50cm. 发动机

容积
Clearance volume: the volume of the space above the piston when it is at TDC.
汽缸余隙容积
Compression ratio = (swept vol + clearance vol)(clearance vol) 压缩率
Two-stroke : a power stroke every revolution of the crank. 二冲程–曲柄旋转一
圈作功一次。
Four-stroke : a power stroke every other revolution of the crank.四冲程-曲柄旋
转两圈作功一次。
2.1.3 The Four-stroke Spark-ignition Engine Cycle
The spark-ignition engine is an internal-combustion engine with externally
supplied in ignition, which converts the energy contained in the fuel to kinetic energy.

发动机火花点火是内燃机外部提供点火，动能燃料中的能量转换。
The cycle of operations is spread over four piston strokes. To complete the full
cycle it takes two revolutions of the crankshaft.遍布四个活塞冲程周期操作。以完成整

个周期，它需要两个转曲轴。
The operating strokes are :
This stroke introduces a mixture of atomized gasoline and air into the cylinder. The
stroke starts when the piston moves downward from a position near the top of the
cylinder. As the piston moves downward, a vacuum, or low-pressure area, is created. 这
种风引入雾化的汽油和空气进入气缸的混合。开始时，活塞向下移动从汽缸顶部附近
的位置。作为活塞向下移动，真空或低压区。
During the intake stroke, one of the ports is opened by moving the inlet valve. The
exhaust valve remains tightly closed.
在进气冲程，是通过移动进气阀打开。排气阀门仍然紧闭。

Compression stroke压缩行程
As the piston moves upward to compress the fuel mixture trapped in the cylinder,
the valves are closed tightly. This compression action heats the air/fuel mixture slightly
and confines it within a small area called the combustion chamber.当活塞向上移动压

缩燃料混合小学生古诗词必背100首物，阀门闭得紧紧的。这种压缩动作稍微加热空气/燃料混合物和局限在小
范围内被称为燃烧室。
Power stroke动力冲程
Just before the piston reaches the top of its compression stroke, an electrical spark
is introduced from a spark plug screwed into the cylinder head.
The spark ignites the compressed, heated mixture of fuel and air in the combustion
chamber to cause rapid burning. The 柴的拼音 burning fuel produces intense heat that causes
rapid expansion of the gases compressed within the cylinder. This pressure forces the
piston downward. The downward stroke turns the crankshaft with great force.就在活

塞到达其压缩冲程，电火花引进火花塞旋入气缸中。火花点燃燃烧室压缩，加热燃料
和空气混合物导致迅速燃烧。燃料燃烧产生强烈的热，导致迅速扩张汽缸内的压缩气
体。这种压力迫使活塞向下
Exhaust stroke排气冲程

Just before the b袁宏道虎丘记原文及翻译 ottom of the power stroke, the exhaust valve opens. This allows
the piston, as it moves upward, to push the hot, burned gases out through the open
exhaust valve.
Then, just before the piston reaches its highest point, the exhaust valve closes《黄帝内经》完整版 and
the inlet valve opens. As the piston reaches the highest point in the cylinder, known as
TDC, it starts back down again. Thus, one cycle ends and another begins immediately.

就在动力冲程的底部，排气阀打开。这使得活塞向上移动，燃烧气体通过开放的排气

阀排出。然后，就在活塞到达最高点时，排气阀关闭和进阀门打开。由于活塞在汽缸
内达到最高点，开始再次回落。因此，一个周期结束，另一个立即开始。

2.1.4 Engine Overall Mechanics
引擎的整体力学
The engine has hundreds of other parts . The major parts of engine are engine
block , engine heads, pistons, connecting rods, crankshaft and valves. The other parts
are joined to make systems. These systems are the fuel system, intake system, ignition
system, cooling system, lubrication system and exhaust system. Each of these systems
has a definite function. These systems will discussed in detail later.发动机有很多系统。

发动机的主要部件是发动机缸体，发动机头，活塞，连杆，曲轴和阀门。这些系统的
燃油系统，进气系统，点火系统，冷却系统，润滑系统和排气系统。这些系统中的每
个人都有一个明确的功能。