秦始皇英文简介

下面是小编整理的秦始皇英文简介，本文共5篇，欢迎大家阅读借鉴，并有积极分享。

篇1：秦始皇英文简介

秦始皇简介

Qin Shi Huang (the first 259 Lunar New Year in December third - before 210 years), won the surname, Zhao, name politics, also known as Zhao Zheng (political), Qin Zheng, or Zulong, Qin Zhuang Xiang Wang son. Chinese history, the famous politicians, strategists, reformers, the first to complete the Huaxia unified iron fist political figures, but also ancient and modern first known as the emperor's monarch.

Qin Shi Huang was born in Zhao capital of Handan (now Handan), and spent a teenager in this period. 247 years ago, 13 years old when the throne. In 238 years ago, at the age of 22, in the capital city held in the city of the monarch of the coronation ceremony, began to “mercy”, get rid of Lu Weiwei, 嫪 毐 and others, reuse Li Si, Wei Liao, from 230 years ago to 221 years ago, Has completed Korea, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan, Qi six countries, 39 years old to complete the reunification of China's great cause, to establish a unified national unity as the central strong state - the Qin Dynasty, and laid the territory of China The

Qin Shihuang that his credit than the previous three emperors and five emperors, the use of the emperor of the “emperor”, the emperor of the “emperor” constitute the “emperor” title, is the first in Chinese history to use the “emperor” title of the monarch, so self- “ At the same time in the central implementation of the three public Jiuqing, the management of national affairs. Local abolition of sub-seal system, on behalf of the county system, at the same time the same book, car with the track, a unified measure. External north of the Huns, South levy Baiyue, built the Great Wall, the construction of Lingqu, communication water system.

But in the late, beggar dream of longevity, harsh abuse of people, shook the foundation of the Qin Dynasty rule, the first 210 years, Qin Shihuang East tour on the way to collapse in Xingtai dunes.

Qin Shihuang is an all-powerful and epoch-making figure in Chinese history. It is the first emperor of the Chinese dynasty, the founding emperor of the Qin dynasty, which has had a profound impact on China and world history and pushed China into a great reunification era, Laying the basic pattern of China's political system more than two thousand years, by the Ming Dynasty thinker Li Zhi known as ”through the ages.“

秦始皇生平经历

Early experience

Qin Shihuang in the forty-eight years of the first month (January 27, 259 BC) was born, the birthplace of the city of Handan City (Great North City) Wen Ming Dian site and Cong Taiwan to the south, in this city in the east of the street Taiwan southwest of Zhujia Lane area. Is the Qin Zhuang Xiang Wang's neutron, Shang dynasty minister to evil to the 35th Sun, won the surname Zhao, name politics.

247 years ago, Qin Zhuang Xiang Wang collapse, 13-year-old Ying Zheng was established as the king, then Lv Buwei for the phase, independent power. Ascended the throne because of the young, the country is dominated by the state Lv Buwei control, and respect for Lu Zhongwei for the father. In 239 years ago, Qin Wang Zheng was 21 years old will be pro-government, but this time the Qin court has set off a fierce political struggle.

Early Lv Buwei not only hold the court, but also with the Queen Mother (Zhao Ji) betrayal. After the Qin Wang Zheng increasingly old, afraid he was found, want to leave the Queen Mother, afraid of the Queen Mother resentment, so put their own door off the fake corruption, only remove the beard, eyebrows dedicated to the Queen Mother, for its music The Qin Wang Zheng grew up, so they lie to him that the Queen Mother Palace feng shui bad, should be removed from here. Qin Wang Zhengxin that is true, so they moved to Yongxian palace, the results of the Queen Mother gave birth to two bastard, and the 嫪 毐 also to Qin Wang Gong fake father, 嫪 毐 in a drunk after a minister reprimanded: ”I am the king The father of the dare father, you dare to provoke me. “This minister was very angry to hear, and secretly find a chance to the relationship between the Queen and the Queen Mother told Qin Wang Zheng, Qin Wang Zheng learned very angry, The And 嫪 毐 in the Queen Mother's help was sealed as long letter Hou, with Shanyang, Taiyuan and other places, since the party.嫪 毐 operating in the Yong City for many years, the establishment of a huge force, is the Qin Dynasty after Lu Weiwei a strong political forces.

In 238 years ago, Qin Wang Zheng in the city of Yong City Corps held crown ceremony.嫪 毐 use Qin Wang Yu Xi and the Queen Wu Xi launched a rebellion, attack the Qiyun Palace. Qin Wang Zheng has been arranged in the Qiyun Palace three thousand elite, defeated the rebels.嫪 毐 turn Xianyang Palace, where the army has long ago, 嫪 毐 one person fled, not long before they were arrested. Qin Wang Zheng will be cleansing, exposed dead show the public; again the mother Zhao Ji Guan Yu Yong City of the palace; wrestling with the Queen Mother born two bastard. The following year, Wang Wang Wang Lv Buwei from the phase of the job, the Lv Buwei exile to Bashu. Lv Buwei know that his relationship with the king can not be saved, drinking poison suicide. Later, although the Qin Wang Zheng heard the aristocracy of Qin said, under the ”guest book“, expelled from the six diners, but was Li's ”remonstrance by the guest book“ discouraged, then he reused the Wei Liao, Li Si And so on.

Unified six countries

Qin Wangcheng in power, the appointment of Wei Liao and Lisi and others, and actively implement a unified strategy.

In 236 years ago, Zhao, Yan two countries war. Zhao Gong sent troops to attack Yan, and Qin to save the name of Wang Jian Jian will be sent troops to attack Zhao, respectively, took Zhao's 阏 and, 轑 Yang (Nanyang northwest), Hejian (Hebei Xianxian southeast), Anyang (Hebei Yangyuan County southeast) and other cities, Zhang water basin has been occupied by the Qin.

In the first 234 years, Qin and Zhao to attack Zhao, to take the Zhao established Yanmen County and the cloud in the county.

231 years ago, Wei was forced to part of the land Qin Qin, South Korea was also forced to offer the Nanyang Qin.

Qin sent within the history of Teng to do Nanyang fake.

In the past 230 years Qin sent within the history of Teng attack Korea, captured the Han Wangan, built in the Han Dynasty Yingchuan County, South Korea perish. At this time Zhao suffered a major drought. Qin Wang Jian led the army directly under the Jingxing (Jingxing County, Hebei Province), Qin will be led by the end of Hanoi soldiers into the Zhao are Handan. Zhao sent Li Mu, Sima Shang led the army to resist. Zhao Wang pet minister Guo Kai by the Qin bribe, spread rumors that Li Mu, Sima Shangguo against. Zhao Wang therefore switch to Zhao Cong and Yan together for Li Mu, Sima Shang, and killed Li Mu.

In the first 229 Wang Jian broken Zhao Jun, killed Zhao Cong, captured the king of Zhao. Zhao Gongzi Jia led his family hundreds of people fled to Zhao on behalf of the county, self-reliance on behalf of the king. Qin in Handan area in Handan established Handan County.

In the first 227 years, Qin sent Wang Jian, Xin Sheng attack Yan. Yan, on behalf of the two countries sent troops to resist, was defeated in the west of Yi water. The following year the Qin army attack Yan are thistle city. Yan Wang Xi moved to Liaodong. Qin will be loyal to the pursuit of the letter, Yan Wang Xi listen to the plan on behalf of Wang Jia, killing Prince Dan, Prince Edward Dan's head dedicated to Qin and sum.

226 years ago, South Korea capital rebellion, Qin sent troops to settle the Korean rebellion, took the opportunity to sacrifice Han Wang.

In the past 225 years, Qin Wang political party general Wang Biao attack Wei, surrounded by Wei are beam (Kaifeng City), cited the Yellow River water city, three months Liang City bad, Wei Wang out, Wei destroyed. Qin in the eastern part of Wei established Dang County. In the same year, Qin sent Li Xin, Meng Wu with 20 million troops attack Chu. Li Xin attack Chu Pingyu (Pingyu County North), Meng Wu attack Chu sleep (Anhui Linquan County), made the initial victory. Qin and the two armies in the city father (now Anhui Province Bo County southeast city father) meet, Chu by Qin Jun not prepared to launch a counterattack, defeated Qin. Wang Jian Wang Qin Wang Jian army with 600,000 troops set off, breaking the Chu army in Qi (now Anhui Suxian southeast), forcing Chu to commit suicide. Then the Qin army captured Chu Shouchun, captured the king of negative brilliance. Qin Yu Chu Jiujiang County (Anhui Shou County), Changsha County (Changsha, Hunan).

Before 222 years, Wang Jian Ping Chu Jiangnan, surrender of the more Jun, set Huiji County, Chu country demise. Qin in the Chu at the same time, constantly expanding eastward, one after another set up, and to capture Qi, set Xue County (Shandong Qufu County).

In the past 222 years, Qin Wangzheng Wang Zhan attack Yan Liaodong, Khan Yan Wang Xi, destroyed the Yan country. And then back to the division on behalf of the generation, the prisoners Wang Jia, the establishment of county (Hebei Yuxian southwest) and Liaodong County (Liaoyang City, Liaoning Province, the old city).

In 221 years ago, the Qin Dynasty Wang Ben from Yan Guo Nan under the attack Qi, captured Qi Wang Jian, off the Qi, Qi Qi established in the county (Shandong Zibo City, northeast) and Langya County (Shandong Jiaonan Southwest Xiahe City).

Qin from the past 230 years, to the end of Qi, 10 years after the merger of the six countries, from the end of the aristocratic royal dictatorship of the kingdom, into the monarchy of the imperial era.

To create a monarchy

Qin Wang Zheng twenty-six years (before 221) off six countries, the king number is not enough to show its industry, is the emperor. And continue to implement the filial piety since the law of Shang Yang's legalist policy, to strengthen the monarchy, weaken the old aristocracy, promoted by the military and rise up aristocracy. Qin Empire land ownership is basically still maintain the Western Zhou Dynasty ”Wang“ land system, and change ”Wang You“ as ”state“. Qin Shihuang in the previous 216 years ordered the national farmers to report the actual amount of land occupied in order to levy taxes. And even civilians, as long as there is military power can also grant land and title. Although the Qin Dynasty in the Shang Yang reform when the implementation of the ”grant system“, the farmer's land is nominally owned by the state, private farming, but the move so that the people actually occupied the original ”Wang“ land, and soon after the evolution of the farmers And officials are free to buy and sell the land, so the Qin Shang Shang Yang reform eventually facilitate the development of private land.

After the abolition of sub-monarchy, the establishment of a set from the central to the local county system and bureaucracy. At the beginning of the country for the 36 counties, later with the expansion of the land to 46 counties, set Xianyang (Shaanxi Xianyang City Qindu District) for the capital. The highest bureaucrats of the central government are the prime minister, the censor and the captain, also known as the ”three public“. The governor of the local governor is governor of the governor of the prefecture. County system initially broke the blood relationship of the patriarchal system, feudal system, bureaucratic system instead of the aristocratic hereditary system. In order to consolidate the regime, Qin Shihuang also implemented a series of policies, mainly: unified currency and weights and measures; unified text; the construction of the Great Wall, Chi Road and straight; forced the six countries to enrich the people and civilians. After the reunification of the six countries, in order to prevent the six aristocracy in accordance with the clan ”resurgence“, forced them to migrate to Xianyang, they want to care for the imperial tombs, or migrate to the southwest remote areas, some civilians are also forced to migrate, Prisoners, ”do mining, open salt wells and other hard labor. In the first 215 years, Qin will Meng Tian wins nine original Henan, set 34 counties, the establishment of Jiuyuan County (governance in Inner Mongolia Baotou City, northwest).

After the reunification of the six countries, Shang Yang reform strongly opposed to all aspects of the school, talent have come to Qin service, may Qin Shi Huang adopted the “Qin characteristics of Shang Yang reform”, resulting in a variety of supernatural popularity Qin empire. Which Huanglao Taoist, yin and yang home, they integrated Confucianism, France, Taoist theory, put forward the so-called “five virtues always said,” especially the emperor's trust, the emperor then think that Qin is the water, , Water can fire, so Qin was the world. From the Qi Yan to the Confucian scholar who the Confucian “Feng Zen” also made a change of face to face again, rumors since the ancient emperor did not hold a memorial ceremony.

Parade for cents

Qin Shihuang twenty-eight years to thirty-one years (before 219 ~ before 215) continuous to the east coast, the Yangtze River Basin and the north side of the parade, wherever he went, all carved its merit.

In his later years Qin Shihuang obsessed with the immortality of the surgery, believe in the number of orders. Also said that the sea Penglai, abbot, Yingzhou Mishima, is the place where the gods live, “immortal medicine”, after serving can be “longevity.” Qin Shi Huang heard very tempted, fantasy to become “immortal” immortal. Some strange guilty, such as Lu Sheng, Han end, Xu Fu, Hou Sheng, are defected to the Qin Dynasty.

Lu Sheng persuaded Qin Shihuang said: “We are looking for Ganoderma lucidum, Qiaoqi and immortal has been unable to find, there must be something with them grams.We suggest that you want to secretly travel, to expel the evil spirits. Evil spirits away, immortal really If you let the courtiers know that they will interfere with the gods, I hope you live in the palace do not let others know, so that the immortality of the drug may be able to get. ”Qin Shi Huang announced: I envy the immortal reality, I call myself 'no one', no longer called 'I'. “He also ordered the two hundred miles in the vicinity of Xianyang two hundred and seventy palace view with bridges, corridors connected to each other, the curtain Account, bells and beauties are placed in the inside, all in accordance with the registered position shall not move. Where the emperor went, if someone said it, he was sentenced to death.

Xu Fu and others into the sea to find immortal medicine, spent a lot of time and money did not find. He was afraid of being punished, to deceive the emperor said: that there are three mountains in the sea. But we are often troubled by the big shark, so we can not reach. I hope the emperor sent a good shot to go with people, met the big shark with bursts of bow crossbow shot it. ”Fighting Qin Shi Huang dream and sea gods, the shape of the sea god and human shape similar to the dream of the doctor said:“ Water God could not see, he used a big fish dragon to detect. Now the emperor's ritual and thoughtful, but there is such a god, only to get rid of it to find the real good God. ”So Qin Shihuang ordered the people to carry the sea to catch large fish tools, personally with a crossbow to shoot a big fish.

Qin Shi Huang believed that sent him to lead three thousand children boys and girls, take the boat into the sea for the mountains, after I do not know the end, perhaps in case of shipwreck, perhaps drift to a island settlement, the latter is more likely, folklore is to Japan The.

Burning book pit “Confucianism”

Qin Shihuang thirty-two years (before 205 years) and Yan Yan Lu Sheng envy door, high oath and other immortal traces, and later to Han Tong, Hou Gong, Shi Sheng Qi immortal medicine. For the Qin Shi Huang this behavior, but also Confucianism that remonstrance, Dr. Qi Qi Chunyu proposed the beginning of the emperor is still divided into the clan children for the princes of the policy, the emperor to the minister to discuss. The prime minister Liss against. Li Si's memorial led to the emperor ordered the burning of the prohibition of the book, the provisions of the history of non-Qin Ji are burning; non-doctoral officer, the world dare to possession of “poetry”, “book”, “ ”Wei“, ”the book“, abandoned the city; to ancient non-today, the family. Officials are not known and condemned. So that the next 30 days do not burn, 黥 for the city Dan. Quasi-preserved, medicine, divination, tree. If you wish to learn the law, then the official as a teacher.

Before the emperor had felt deceived, so ordered the censor case asked the students, exposing each other involved more than four hundred and sixty people, the emperor ordered them to live in Xianyang buried. Some people think that ”Historical Records“ records Qin Shi Huang pit is a warlock, not a scholar, but according to ”Historical Records Qin Shi Huang Ji Ji“ records Qin Shi Huang Keng kill people ”are recite Confucius.“

Driving the dunes

Qin Shihuang thirty-seven years (before 210 years), Qin Shi Huang died in his fifth trip to the east of the sand dune (now Hebei Guangzong). After the death of Emperor Qin Shi Huang, Zhao Gao to persuade Hu Hai threatened Li Si's way, the two in the sand dune after some conspiracy, fake Qin Shi emperor issued an edict, by the Hu Hai inherited the throne, but also to the name of the Qin Shi Huang accused of sub-filial piety, Infidelity, so that they commit suicide, not defy. In the exact news of Su Su suicide, Hu Hai, Zhao Gao, Lisi this command the team day and night, quickly return to Xianyang.

In order to continue to deceive the subjects, the team did not dare to return to Xianyang, but put the posture to continue patrol, bypassed Xianyang. As the summer heat, Qin Shi Huang's body has been rotting smelly. To cover the eyes and ears, Hu Hai a line of life to buy a lot of abalone installed in the car, abalone taste to cover up the corpse of the body, confused everyone. Back to Xianyang, Hu Hai to the throne, is for the Qin II, Zhao Gao Ren Lang, Li Si still do the prime minister, but the court's power actually fell to the hands of Zhao. Zhao Gao conspiracy succeeded, began to hurt the people around the people. He lay the trap, the Li Si gradually forced to death on the road, Li Si found Zhao Gao conspiracy, the letter on the letter Zhao Gao. Qin Ershi Hu Hai not only favor the high, and will Li Si crime, and finally the lips cut in Xianyang. Zhao Gaosheng any prime minister, because he can go out of the palace ban, especially in the ”prime minister.“

秦始皇英文简介相关

篇2：秦始皇英文简介

Qin Shi Huang (the first 259 Lunar New Year in December third - before 210 years), won the surname, Zhao, name politics, also known as Zhao Zheng (political), Qin Zheng, or Zulong, Qin Zhuang Xiang Wang son. Chinese history, the famous politicians, strategists, reformers, the first to complete the Huaxia unified iron fist political figures, but also ancient and modern first known as the emperor's monarch.

Qin Shi Huang was born in Zhao capital of Handan (now Handan), and spent a teenager in this period. 247 years ago, 13 years old when the throne. In 238 years ago, at the age of 22, in the capital city held in the city of the monarch of the coronation ceremony, began to ”mercy“, get rid of Lu Weiwei, 嫪 毐 and others, reuse Li Si, Wei Liao, from 230 years ago to 221 years ago, Has completed Korea, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan, Qi six countries, 39 years old to complete the reunification of China's great cause, to establish a unified national unity as the central strong state - the Qin Dynasty, and laid the territory of China The

Qin Shihuang that his credit than the previous three emperors and five emperors, the use of the emperor of the ”emperor“, the emperor of the ”emperor“ constitute the ”emperor“ title, is the first in Chinese history to use the ”emperor“ title of the monarch, so self- ” At the same time in the central implementation of the three public Jiuqing, the management of national affairs. Local abolition of sub-seal system, on behalf of the county system, at the same time the same book, car with the track, a unified measure. External north of the Huns, South levy Baiyue, built the Great Wall, the construction of Lingqu, communication water system.

But in the late, beggar dream of longevity, harsh abuse of people, shook the foundation of the Qin Dynasty rule, the first 210 years, Qin Shihuang East tour on the way to collapse in Xingtai dunes.

Qin Shihuang is an all-powerful and epoch-making figure in Chinese history. It is the first emperor of the Chinese dynasty, the founding emperor of the Qin dynasty, which has had a profound impact on China and world history and pushed China into a great reunification era, Laying the basic pattern of China's political system more than two thousand years, by the Ming Dynasty thinker Li Zhi known as “through the ages.”

秦始皇生平经历

Early experience

Qin Shihuang in the forty-eight years of the first month (January 27, 259 BC) was born, the birthplace of the city of Handan City (Great North City) Wen Ming Dian site and Cong Taiwan to the south, in this city in the east of the street Taiwan southwest of Zhujia Lane area. Is the Qin Zhuang Xiang Wang's neutron, Shang dynasty minister to evil to the 35th Sun, won the surname Zhao, name politics.

247 years ago, Qin Zhuang Xiang Wang collapse, 13-year-old Ying Zheng was established as the king, then Lv Buwei for the phase, independent power. Ascended the throne because of the young, the country is dominated by the state Lv Buwei control, and respect for Lu Zhongwei for the father. In 239 years ago, Qin Wang Zheng was 21 years old will be pro-government, but this time the Qin court has set off a fierce political struggle.

Early Lv Buwei not only hold the court, but also with the Queen Mother (Zhao Ji) betrayal. After the Qin Wang Zheng increasingly old, afraid he was found, want to leave the Queen Mother, afraid of the Queen Mother resentment, so put their own door off the fake corruption, only remove the beard, eyebrows dedicated to the Queen Mother, for its music The Qin Wang Zheng grew up, so they lie to him that the Queen Mother Palace feng shui bad, should be removed from here. Qin Wang Zhengxin that is true, so they moved to Yongxian palace, the results of the Queen Mother gave birth to two bastard, and the 嫪 毐 also to Qin Wang Gong fake father, 嫪 毐 in a drunk after a minister reprimanded: “I am the king The father of the dare father, you dare to provoke me. ”This minister was very angry to hear, and secretly find a chance to the relationship between the Queen and the Queen Mother told Qin Wang Zheng, Qin Wang Zheng learned very angry, The And 嫪 毐 in the Queen Mother's help was sealed as long letter Hou, with Shanyang, Taiyuan and other places, since the party.嫪 毐 operating in the Yong City for many years, the establishment of a huge force, is the Qin Dynasty after Lu Weiwei a strong political forces.

In 238 years ago, Qin Wang Zheng in the city of Yong City Corps held crown ceremony.嫪 毐 use Qin Wang Yu Xi and the Queen Wu Xi launched a rebellion, attack the Qiyun Palace. Qin Wang Zheng has been arranged in the Qiyun Palace three thousand elite, defeated the rebels.嫪 毐 turn Xianyang Palace, where the army has long ago, 嫪 毐 one person fled, not long before they were arrested. Qin Wang Zheng will be cleansing, exposed dead show the public; again the mother Zhao Ji Guan Yu Yong City of the palace; wrestling with the Queen Mother born two bastard. The following year, Wang Wang Wang Lv Buwei from the phase of the job, the Lv Buwei exile to Bashu. Lv Buwei know that his relationship with the king can not be saved, drinking poison suicide. Later, although the Qin Wang Zheng heard the aristocracy of Qin said, under the “guest book”, expelled from the six diners, but was Li's “remonstrance by the guest book” discouraged, then he reused the Wei Liao, Li Si And so on.

Unified six countries

Qin Wangcheng in power, the appointment of Wei Liao and Lisi and others, and actively implement a unified strategy.

In 236 years ago, Zhao, Yan two countries war. Zhao Gong sent troops to attack Yan, and Qin to save the name of Wang Jian Jian will be sent troops to attack Zhao, respectively, took Zhao's 阏 and, 轑 Yang (Nanyang northwest), Hejian (Hebei Xianxian southeast), Anyang (Hebei Yangyuan County southeast) and other cities, Zhang water basin has been occupied by the Qin.

In the first 234 years, Qin and Zhao to attack Zhao, to take the Zhao established Yanmen County and the cloud in the county.

231 years ago, Wei was forced to part of the land Qin Qin, South Korea was also forced to offer the Nanyang Qin.

Qin sent within the history of Teng to do Nanyang fake.

In the past 230 years Qin sent within the history of Teng attack Korea, captured the Han Wangan, built in the Han Dynasty Yingchuan County, South Korea perish. At this time Zhao suffered a major drought. Qin Wang Jian led the army directly under the Jingxing (Jingxing County, Hebei Province), Qin will be led by the end of Hanoi soldiers into the Zhao are Handan. Zhao sent Li Mu, Sima Shang led the army to resist. Zhao Wang pet minister Guo Kai by the Qin bribe, spread rumors that Li Mu, Sima Shangguo against. Zhao Wang therefore switch to Zhao Cong and Yan together for Li Mu, Sima Shang, and killed Li Mu.

In the first 229 Wang Jian broken Zhao Jun, killed Zhao Cong, captured the king of Zhao. Zhao Gongzi Jia led his family hundreds of people fled to Zhao on behalf of the county, self-reliance on behalf of the king. Qin in Handan area in Handan established Handan County.

In the first 227 years, Qin sent Wang Jian, Xin Sheng attack Yan. Yan, on behalf of the two countries sent troops to resist, was defeated in the west of Yi water. The following year the Qin army attack Yan are thistle city. Yan Wang Xi moved to Liaodong. Qin will be loyal to the pursuit of the letter, Yan Wang Xi listen to the plan on behalf of Wang Jia, killing Prince Dan, Prince Edward Dan's head dedicated to Qin and sum.

226 years ago, South Korea capital rebellion, Qin sent troops to settle the Korean rebellion, took the opportunity to sacrifice Han Wang.

In the past 225 years, Qin Wang political party general Wang Biao attack Wei, surrounded by Wei are beam (Kaifeng City), cited the Yellow River water city, three months Liang City bad, Wei Wang out, Wei destroyed. Qin in the eastern part of Wei established Dang County. In the same year, Qin sent Li Xin, Meng Wu with 20 million troops attack Chu. Li Xin attack Chu Pingyu (Pingyu County North), Meng Wu attack Chu sleep (Anhui Linquan County), made the initial victory. Qin and the two armies in the city father (now Anhui Province Bo County southeast city father) meet, Chu by Qin Jun not prepared to launch a counterattack, defeated Qin. Wang Jian Wang Qin Wang Jian army with 600,000 troops set off, breaking the Chu army in Qi (now Anhui Suxian southeast), forcing Chu to commit suicide. Then the Qin army captured Chu Shouchun, captured the king of negative brilliance. Qin Yu Chu Jiujiang County (Anhui Shou County), Changsha County (Changsha, Hunan).

Before 222 years, Wang Jian Ping Chu Jiangnan, surrender of the more Jun, set Huiji County, Chu country demise. Qin in the Chu at the same time, constantly expanding eastward, one after another set up, and to capture Qi, set Xue County (Shandong Qufu County).

In the past 222 years, Qin Wangzheng Wang Zhan attack Yan Liaodong, Khan Yan Wang Xi, destroyed the Yan country. And then back to the division on behalf of the generation, the prisoners Wang Jia, the establishment of county (Hebei Yuxian southwest) and Liaodong County (Liaoyang City, Liaoning Province, the old city).

In 221 years ago, the Qin Dynasty Wang Ben from Yan Guo Nan under the attack Qi, captured Qi Wang Jian, off the Qi, Qi Qi established in the county (Shandong Zibo City, northeast) and Langya County (Shandong Jiaonan Southwest Xiahe City).

Qin from the past 230 years, to the end of Qi, 10 years after the merger of the six countries, from the end of the aristocratic royal dictatorship of the kingdom, into the monarchy of the imperial era.

To create a monarchy

Qin Wang Zheng twenty-six years (before 221) off six countries, the king number is not enough to show its industry, is the emperor. And continue to implement the filial piety since the law of Shang Yang's legalist policy, to strengthen the monarchy, weaken the old aristocracy, promoted by the military and rise up aristocracy. Qin Empire land ownership is basically still maintain the Western Zhou Dynasty “Wang” land system, and change “Wang You” as “state”. Qin Shihuang in the previous 216 years ordered the national farmers to report the actual amount of land occupied in order to levy taxes. And even civilians, as long as there is military power can also grant land and title. Although the Qin Dynasty in the Shang Yang reform when the implementation of the “grant system”, the farmer's land is nominally owned by the state, private farming, but the move so that the people actually occupied the original “Wang” land, and soon after the evolution of the farmers And officials are free to buy and sell the land, so the Qin Shang Shang Yang reform eventually facilitate the development of private land.

After the abolition of sub-monarchy, the establishment of a set from the central to the local county system and bureaucracy. At the beginning of the country for the 36 counties, later with the expansion of the land to 46 counties, set Xianyang (Shaanxi Xianyang City Qindu District) for the capital. The highest bureaucrats of the central government are the prime minister, the censor and the captain, also known as the “three public”. The governor of the local governor is governor of the governor of the prefecture. County system initially broke the blood relationship of the patriarchal system, feudal system, bureaucratic system instead of the aristocratic hereditary system. In order to consolidate the regime, Qin Shihuang also implemented a series of policies, mainly: unified currency and weights and measures; unified text; the construction of the Great Wall, Chi Road and straight; forced the six countries to enrich the people and civilians. After the reunification of the six countries, in order to prevent the six aristocracy in accordance with the clan “resurgence”, forced them to migrate to Xianyang, they want to care for the imperial tombs, or migrate to the southwest remote areas, some civilians are also forced to migrate, Prisoners, “do mining, open salt wells and other hard labor. In the first 215 years, Qin will Meng Tian wins nine original Henan, set 34 counties, the establishment of Jiuyuan County (governance in Inner Mongolia Baotou City, northwest).

After the reunification of the six countries, Shang Yang reform strongly opposed to all aspects of the school, talent have come to Qin service, may Qin Shi Huang adopted the ”Qin characteristics of Shang Yang reform“, resulting in a variety of supernatural popularity Qin empire. Which Huanglao Taoist, yin and yang home, they integrated Confucianism, France, Taoist theory, put forward the so-called ”five virtues always said,“ especially the emperor's trust, the emperor then think that Qin is the water, , Water can fire, so Qin was the world. From the Qi Yan to the Confucian scholar who the Confucian ”Feng Zen“ also made a change of face to face again, rumors since the ancient emperor did not hold a memorial ceremony.

Parade for cents

Qin Shihuang twenty-eight years to thirty-one years (before 219 ~ before 215) continuous to the east coast, the Yangtze River Basin and the north side of the parade, wherever he went, all carved its merit.

In his later years Qin Shihuang obsessed with the immortality of the surgery, believe in the number of orders. Also said that the sea Penglai, abbot, Yingzhou Mishima, is the place where the gods live, ”immortal medicine“, after serving can be ”longevity.“ Qin Shi Huang heard very tempted, fantasy to become ”immortal“ immortal. Some strange guilty, such as Lu Sheng, Han end, Xu Fu, Hou Sheng, are defected to the Qin Dynasty.

Lu Sheng persuaded Qin Shihuang said: ”We are looking for Ganoderma lucidum, Qiaoqi and immortal has been unable to find, there must be something with them grams.We suggest that you want to secretly travel, to expel the evil spirits. Evil spirits away, immortal really If you let the courtiers know that they will interfere with the gods, I hope you live in the palace do not let others know, so that the immortality of the drug may be able to get. “Qin Shi Huang announced: I envy the immortal reality, I call myself 'no one', no longer called 'I'. ”He also ordered the two hundred miles in the vicinity of Xianyang two hundred and seventy palace view with bridges, corridors connected to each other, the curtain Account, bells and beauties are placed in the inside, all in accordance with the registered position shall not move. Where the emperor went, if someone said it, he was sentenced to death.

Xu Fu and others into the sea to find immortal medicine, spent a lot of time and money did not find. He was afraid of being punished, to deceive the emperor said: that there are three mountains in the sea. But we are often troubled by the big shark, so we can not reach. I hope the emperor sent a good shot to go with people, met the big shark with bursts of bow crossbow shot it. “Fighting Qin Shi Huang dream and sea gods, the shape of the sea god and human shape similar to the dream of the doctor said:” Water God could not see, he used a big fish dragon to detect. Now the emperor's ritual and thoughtful, but there is such a god, only to get rid of it to find the real good God. “So Qin Shihuang ordered the people to carry the sea to catch large fish tools, personally with a crossbow to shoot a big fish.

Qin Shi Huang believed that sent him to lead three thousand children boys and girls, take the boat into the sea for the mountains, after I do not know the end, perhaps in case of shipwreck, perhaps drift to a island settlement, the latter is more likely, folklore is to Japan The.

Burning book pit ”Confucianism“

Qin Shihuang thirty-two years (before 205 years) and Yan Yan Lu Sheng envy door, high oath and other immortal traces, and later to Han Tong, Hou Gong, Shi Sheng Qi immortal medicine. For the Qin Shi Huang this behavior, but also Confucianism that remonstrance, Dr. Qi Qi Chunyu proposed the beginning of the emperor is still divided into the clan children for the princes of the policy, the emperor to the minister to discuss. The prime minister Liss against. Li Si's memorial led to the emperor ordered the burning of the prohibition of the book, the provisions of the history of non-Qin Ji are burning; non-doctoral officer, the world dare to possession of ”poetry“, ”book“, ” “Wei”, “the book”, abandoned the city; to ancient non-today, the family. Officials are not known and condemned. So that the next 30 days do not burn, 黥 for the city Dan. Quasi-preserved, medicine, divination, tree. If you wish to learn the law, then the official as a teacher.

Before the emperor had felt deceived, so ordered the censor case asked the students, exposing each other involved more than four hundred and sixty people, the emperor ordered them to live in Xianyang buried. Some people think that “Historical Records” records Qin Shi Huang pit is a warlock, not a scholar, but according to “Historical Records Qin Shi Huang Ji Ji” records Qin Shi Huang Keng kill people “are recite Confucius.”

Driving the dunes

Qin Shihuang thirty-seven years (before 210 years), Qin Shi Huang died in his fifth trip to the east of the sand dune (now Hebei Guangzong). After the death of Emperor Qin Shi Huang, Zhao Gao to persuade Hu Hai threatened Li Si's way, the two in the sand dune after some conspiracy, fake Qin Shi emperor issued an edict, by the Hu Hai inherited the throne, but also to the name of the Qin Shi Huang accused of sub-filial piety, Infidelity, so that they commit suicide, not defy. In the exact news of Su Su suicide, Hu Hai, Zhao Gao, Lisi this command the team day and night, quickly return to Xianyang.

In order to continue to deceive the subjects, the team did not dare to return to Xianyang, but put the posture to continue patrol, bypassed Xianyang. As the summer heat, Qin Shi Huang's body has been rotting smelly. To cover the eyes and ears, Hu Hai a line of life to buy a lot of abalone installed in the car, abalone taste to cover up the corpse of the body, confused everyone. Back to Xianyang, Hu Hai to the throne, is for the Qin II, Zhao Gao Ren Lang, Li Si still do the prime minister, but the court's power actually fell to the hands of Zhao. Zhao Gao conspiracy succeeded, began to hurt the people around the people. He lay the trap, the Li Si gradually forced to death on the road, Li Si found Zhao Gao conspiracy, the letter on the letter Zhao Gao. Qin Ershi Hu Hai not only favor the high, and will Li Si crime, and finally the lips cut in Xianyang. Zhao Gaosheng any prime minister, because he can go out of the palace ban, especially in the “prime minister.”

篇3：秦始皇简介

秦始皇简介

秦始皇(嬴政)秦始皇，名赢政（前259～前210），秦庄襄王之子，庄襄王死后继秦王位，后灭六国，统一中国，称始皇帝，是秦王朝的开国皇帝。在王位25年，帝位，病死，终年49岁。葬于郦邑（今陕西省临潼县东北25里处）。 秦始皇，嬴姓，名政。因出生于赵国，又称赵政，秦庄襄王之子（另一说为吕不韦之子）。公元前246年，年仅13岁的嬴政继承秦王位由丞相吕不韦和宣太后的男宠毒专权。公元前238年亲政，毒乘他外出之机，举兵叛乱，他一举粉碎叛乱，诛杀毒，幽禁太后。第二年免除吕不韦的相职，后逼杀吕不韦，任用了尉缭、李斯等人。 此后，嬴政继承了自秦孝公以来变法革新、奖励耕战的一系列政策。接著，嬴政采取李斯等人的策略，以重金收买关东六国权臣，离间其君臣关系，远交近攻，从公元前230年起到公元前2止的间，先后灭韩、魏、楚、燕、赵、齐六国，结束了自春秋战国以来长达数百年之久的分裂割据、混战不已的局面，创立了中国历史上第一个统一的封建中央集权国家。 赢政统一天下后，创立了“皇帝”的尊号，自称始皇帝，宣布子孙称二世、三世，以至万世，幻想秦王朝的统治能延续千秋万代；国家的一切政务都由皇帝裁决，中央和地方的重要官吏悉由皇帝任免，在中央实行三公九卿制。随后，秦始皇废除了自商、周以来的分封制，实行郡县制，以秦国原有的法律令为基础，吸收六国法律的`某些条文，制定和颁行统一的法律。将原六国贵族豪富迁至关中、巴蜀，以防止他们的分裂复辟活动。 在经济上推行重农抑商政策，扶植封建土地私有制的发展。始皇三十一年（前2）下令占有土地的地主和自耕农只要向政府申报土地数额，交纳赋税，其土地所有权就得到政府的承认和保护，并以商鞅所制定的度量衡为标准统一全国的度量衡制度。以秦“半两”钱为流通货币，为发展全国水陆交通，又实行“车同轨”，修建由咸阳通向燕齐和吴楚地区的驰道，以及由咸阳经云阳（今陕西淳化西北）直达九原（今内蒙古包头西）的直道；在西南地区修筑了“五尺道”，开凿沟通湘江和漓江的灵渠。 在文化思想方面，以秦国通行的文字为基础制定小篆，颁行全国。公元前2，嬴政为了控制思想，采纳李斯的建议，将秦国的历史、医药、卜筮和植树以外的书下令焚毁。禁止私学。第二年，方士卢生和侯生在背后议论秦始皇贪权专断，滥施刑罚。赢政闻知后派人追缉，侯生、卢生逃亡，赢政大怒，将有牵连的460多个儒生全部坑杀于咸阳。这两件事． 史称“焚书坑儒”，它钳制了思想，严重地摧残了文化。 公元前2，嬴政派兵南定百越，增设闽中、南海、桂林、象郡(今广西崇左县)四郡。同年又派大将蒙恬率兵北击匈奴，收复了今内蒙古河套一带地区，迁来内地人民，建筑城邑；始皇末年，秦郡数由统一之初的36郡增至40余郡，使秦朝的疆域，东到大海，西至陇西，北到长城一带，南到象郡。 赢政在位时期徭役繁重，刑罚苛严。人民除了将收获物的三分之二缴作赋税外，还得负担沉重的徭役和兵役。他征发70多万人，在渭水南边修建豪华的阿房宫和骊山墓，他又征发农民将原来秦、赵、燕三国北方的长城连接起来，向东向西延伸，筑成一道西起临洮(今甘肃省岷县)，东到辽东(今辽宁省辽阳市西北)的城防，这就是伟大的万里长城。它是中国古代一项伟大的工程，是中国古代劳动人民血汗和智慧的结晶。当时，全国被征去服兵役、徭役的多达150多万人，男丁不够，连妇女也被抓去运粮饷。许多人被折磨而死。为了防止人民的反抗，他除了下令收缴、销毁民间兵器外，还规定一人犯死罪，亲族―起处死，叫作“族诛”；一家犯法，邻里同罪，叫作“连坐”。人民随时都会被指控犯法，被罚做苦役，或者斩脚、割鼻、处死，押送到官府去的罪犯满路都是。 赢政又好大喜功、浪费无度，他在即帝位的12年间，先后进行五次大规模的巡游，沿途刻石颂德，以表示他的不朽之功。为求长生不老之药，派方士徐福率童男女数千人至东海求神仙等等，耗费了巨大的财力和人力，加深了人民的苦难。 嬴政实行的暴政，使得秦朝一建立，阶级矛盾就开始激化，出现了小规模的农民起义。公元前210年，赢政进行最后一次巡游，随行的有丞相李斯、中车府令(掌管皇帝文书的宦官)赵高和他最喜欢的小儿子胡亥。他渡过钱塘江，一直到达会稽郡的吴中。返回途中，在平原津(今山东省平原县东南)病倒。到了沙丘(今河北省广宗县)，病势转危。他自知不行了，急忙命令李斯和赵高起草诏书，并将诏书和国玺递送给长子扶苏，催扶苏立即赶回咸阳，主持丧礼。当李斯草拟好诏书呈交嬴政审阅时，嬴政已经死去了。 扶苏因为劝阻嬴政坑儒，曾被秦始皇贬出京城，派往上郡蒙恬军中任监军。赵高历来与蒙恬一家有仇，担心扶苏继位，蒙恬得到重用，对自己不利，就扣住遗诏不发，与胡亥密谋篡夺帝位。他又威逼利诱，迫使李斯和他们合谋，假造遗诏，指责扶苏在外不能立功，反而怨恨父皇，命令他和蒙恬自杀。蒙恬怀疑，不肯自杀。扶苏忠厚，相信诏书是真的，便自杀而死。 赵高秘不发丧，将嬴政尸体放在车中，关上车门，拉上车帘，让百官以为秦始皇仍然活著，每天在车外奏本；一面带领大队拥著尸车匆忙赶回咸阳。因为天气炎热，尸体腐烂发臭。赵高派人弄来夭批鲍鱼，命令每辆车上装鲍鱼一石，以混淆尸臭。接著发丧，并拥立胡亥为帝。秦始皇为历史上对始皇帝嬴政的通称。 自古以来，对秦始皇的评价就褒贬不一。但纵观秦始皇的一生，对中国历史的发展起了巨大推动作用，实为中国历史上一位有作为的皇帝，功绩不可泯灭。

篇4：秦始皇兵马俑英文导游词

Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum and the Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses Museum

Emperor Qin Shihuang (259-210B.C.) had Ying as his surname and Zheng as his given name. He name to the throne of the Qin at age 13, and took the helm of the state at age of 22. By 221 B.C., he had annexed the six rival principalities of Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao and Wei, and established the first feudal empire in China’s history.

In the year 221 B.C., when he unified the whole country, Ying Zheng styled himself emperor. He named himself Shihuang Di, the first emperor in the hope that his later generations be the second, the third even the one hundredth and thousandth emperors in proper order to carry on the hereditary system. Since then, the supreme feudal rulers of China’s dynasties had continued to call themselves Huang Di, the emperor.

After he had annexed the other six states, Emperor Qin Shihuang abolished the enfeoffment system and adopted the prefecture and county system. He standardized legal codes, written language, track, currencies, weights and measures. To protect against harassment by the Hun aristocrats. Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the Great Wall be built. All these measures played an active role in eliminating the cause of the state of separation and division and strengthening the unification of the whole country as well as promotion the development of economy and culture. They had a great and deep influence upon China’s 2,000 year old feudal society.

Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the books of various schools burned except those of the Qin dynasty’s history and culture, divination and medicines in an attempt to push his feudal autocracy in the ideological field. As a result, China’s ancient classics had been devastated and destroy. Moreover, he once ordered 460 scholars be buried alive. Those events were later called in history“the burning of books and the burying of Confucian scholars.”

Emperor Qin Shihuang，for his own pleasure, conscribed several hundred thousand convicts and went in for large-scale construction and had over seven hundred palaces built in the Guanzhong Plain. These palaces stretched several hundred li and he sought pleasure from one palace to the other. Often nobody knew where he ranging treasures inside the tomb, were enclosed alive.

Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum has not yet been excavated. What looks like inside could noly be known when it is opened. However, the three pits of the terra-cotta warriot excavated outside the east gate of the outer enclosure of the necropolis can make one imagine how magnificent and luxurious the structure of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum was.

No.1 Pit was stumbled upon in March 1974 when villagers of Xiyang Village of Yanzhai township, Lintong County, sank a well 1.5km east of the mausoleum. In 1976, No.2 and 3 Pits were found 20m north of No.1 Pit respectively after the drilling survey. The terra-cotta warriors and horses are arrayed according to the Qin dynasty battle formation, symbolizing the troops keeping vigil beside the mausoleum. This discovery aroused much interest both at home and abroad. In 1975, a museum, housing the site of No.1 and covering an area of 16,300 square meters was built with the permission of the State Council. The museum was formally opened to public on Oct.1, the National Day, 1979.

No.1 Pit is 230 meters long from east to west, 62m wide from north to south and 5m deep , covering a total area of 14,260 square meters. It is an earth-and-wood structure in the shape of a tunnel. There are five sloping entrances on the eastern and western sides of the pit respectively. The pit is divided into eleven corridors by ten earthen partition walls, and the floors are paved with bricks. Thick rafters were placed onto the walls (but now one can only see their remains), which were covered with mats and then fine soil and earth. The battle formation of the Qin dynasty, facing east. In the east end are arrayed three lines of terra-cotta warriors, 70 pieces in each, totaling 210 pieces. They are supposed to be the van of the formation. Immediately behind them are 38 columns of infantrymen alternating with war chariots in the corridors, each being 180m long. They are probably the main body of the formation. There is one line of warriors in the left, right and west ends respectively, facing outwards. They are probably the flanks and the rear. There are altogether 27 trial trench, it is assumed that more than 6,000 clay warriors and horses could be unearthed from No.1 Pit.

No.2 Pit sis about half the size of No.1 Pit, covering about 6,000 square meters Trail diggings show this is a composite formation of infantry, cavalry and chariot soldiers, from which roughly over 1,000 clay warriors, and 500 chariots and saddled horses could be unearthed. The 2,000-year-old wooden chariots are already rotten. But their shafts, cross yokes, and wheels, etc. left clear impressions on the earth bed. The copper parts of the chariots still remain. Each chariot is pulled by four horses which are one and half meters high and two metres long. According to textual research, these clay horses were sculptures after the breed in the area of Hexi Corridor. The horses for the cavalrymen were already saddled, but with no stirups.

No.3 Pit covers an area of 520m2 with only four horses, one chariot and 68 warriors, supposed to be the command post of the battle formation. Now, No.2 and 3 Pits have been refilled, but visitors can see some clay figures and weapons displayed in the exhibition halls in the museum that had been unearthed from these two pits. The floors of both No.1 and 2 Pits were covered with a layer of silt of 15 to 20cm thick. In these pits, one can see traces of burnt beams everywhere, some relics which were mostly broken. Analysis shows that the pits were burned down by Xiang Yu, leader of a peasant army. All of the clay warriors in the three pits held real weapons in their hands and face east, showing Emperor Qin Shihuang’s strong determination of wiping out the six states and unifying the whole country.

The height of the terra-cotta warriors varies from 1.78m, the shortest, to 1.97m, the tallest. They look healthy and strong and have different facial expressions. Probably they were sculpted by craftsmen according to real soldiers of the Qin dynasy. They organically combined the skills of round engraving, bas-relief and linear engraving, and utilized the six traditional folk crafts of sculpturing, such as hand-moulding, sticking, cutting, painting and so on. The clay models were then put in kilns, baked and colour-painted. As the terra-cotta figures have beeb burnt and have gone through the natural process of decay, we can’t see their original gorgeous colours. However, most of the terra-cotta figures bear the trace of the original colours, and few of them are still as bright as new. They are found to be painted by mineral dyestuffs of vermilion, bright red, pink dark green, powder green, purple, blue, orange, black and white colours.

Thousands of real weapons were unearthed from these terra-cotta army pits, including broad knives, swords, spears, dagger-axes, halberds, bows, crossbows and arrowheads. These weapons were exquisitely made. Some of theme are still very sharp, analyses show that they are made of alloys of copper and tin, containing more than ten kinds of other metals. Since their surfaces were treated with chromium, they are as bright as new, though buried underground for more than 2,000 years. This indicates that Qin dynasty’s metallurgical technology and weapon-manufacturing technique already reached quite a high level.

In December 1980, two teams of large painted bronze chariots and horses were unearthed 20 metres west of the mound of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum. These single shaft four-horse chariots each comprises 3,462 spare parts, and has a body with two compartments, one behind the other, and an elliptical umbrella like canopy. The four horses harnessed to the chariot are 65-67 centimeters tall. The restored bronze chariots and horses are exact imitations of true chariot, horse and driver in half life-size.

The chariots and horses are decorated with coloured drawings against white background. They have been fitted with more than 1,500 piecese of gold and silvers and decorations, looking luxurious, splendid and graceful. Probably they were meant for the use of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s soul to go on inspection. The bronze chariots and horses were made by lost wax casting, which shows a high level of technology. For instance, the tortoise-shell-like canopy is about 4mm thick, and the window is only 1mm thick on which are many small holes for ventilation. According to a preliminary study, the technology of manufacturing the bronze chariots and horses has involved casting, welding, reveting, inlaying embedding and chiseling. The excavation of the bronze chariots and horses provides extremely valuable material and data for the textual research of the metallurgical technique, the mechanism of the chariot and technological modeling of the Qin dynasty.

No.2 bronze chariot and horses now on display were found broken into 1,555 pieces when excavated. After two-and-half years’ careful and painstaking restoration by archaeologists and various specialists, they were formally exhibited in the museum on October 1, 1983. No.1 bronze chariot hand horses are on display from 1988.

篇5：西安秦始皇兵马俑英文导游词

西安秦始皇兵马俑英文导游词

Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum and the Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses Museum

Emperor Qin Shihuang (259-210B.C.) had Ying as his surname and Zheng as his given name. He name to the throne of the Qin at age 13, and took the helm of the state at age of 22. By 221 B.C., he had annexed the six rival principalities of Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao and Wei, and established the first feudal empire in China’s history.

In the year 221 B.C., when he unified the whole country, Ying Zheng styled himself emperor. He named himself Shihuang Di, the first emperor in the hope that his later generations be the second, the third even the one hundredth and thousandth emperors in proper order to carry on the hereditary system. Since then, the supreme feudal rulers of China’s dynasties had continued to call themselves Huang Di, the emperor.

After he had annexed the other six states, Emperor Qin Shihuang abolished the enfeoffment system and adopted the prefecture and county system. He standardized legal codes, written language, track, currencies, weights and measures. To protect against harassment by the Hun aristocrats. Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the Great Wall be built. All these measures played an active role in eliminating the cause of the state of separation and pision and strengthening the unification of the whole country as well as promotion the development of economy and culture. They had a great and deep influence upon China’s 2,000 year old feudal society.

Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the books of various schools burned except those of the Qin dynasty’s history and culture, pination and medicines in an attempt to push his feudal autocracy in the ideological field. As a result, China’s ancient classics had been devastated and destroy. Moreover, he once ordered 460 scholars be buried alive. Those events were later called in history“the burning of books and the burying of Confucian scholars.”

Emperor Qin Shihuang，for his own pleasure, conscribed several hundred thousand convicts and went in for large-scale construction and had over seven hundred palaces built in the Guanzhong Plain. These palaces stretched several hundred li and he sought pleasure from one palace to the other. Often nobody knew where he ranging treasures inside the tomb, were enclosed alive.

Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum has not yet been excavated. What looks like inside could noly be known when it is opened. However, the three pits of the terra-cotta warriot excavated outside the east gate of the outer enclosure of the necropolis can make one imagine how magnificent and luxurious the structure of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum was.

No.1 Pit was stumbled upon in March 1974 when villagers of Xiyang Village of Yanzhai township, Lintong County, sank a well 1.5km east of the mausoleum. In 1976, No.2 and 3 Pits were found 20m north of No.1 Pit respectively after the drilling survey. The terra-cotta warriors and horses are arrayed according to the Qin dynasty battle formation, symbolizing the troops keeping vigil beside the mausoleum. This discovery aroused much interest both at home and abroad. In 1975, a museum, housing the site of No.1 and covering an area of 16,300 square meters was built with the permission of the State Council. The museum was formally opened to public on Oct.1, the National Day, 1979.

No.1 Pit is 230 meters long from east to west, 62m wide from north to south and 5m deep , covering a total area of 14,260 square meters. It is an earth-and-wood structure in the shape of a tunnel. There are five sloping entrances on the eastern and western sides of the pit respectively. The pit is pided into eleven corridors by ten earthen partition walls, and the floors are paved with bricks. Thick rafters were placed onto the walls (but now one can only see their remains), which were covered with mats and then fine soil and earth. The battle formation of the Qin dynasty, facing east. In the east end are arrayed three lines of terra-cotta warriors, 70 pieces in each, totaling 210 pieces. They are supposed to be the van of the formation. Immediately behind them are 38 columns of infantrymen alternating with war chariots in the corridors, each being 180m long. They are probably the main body of the formation. There is one line of warriors in the left, right and west ends respectively, facing outwards. They are probably the flanks and the rear. There are altogether 27 trial trench, it is assumed that more than 6,000 clay warriors and horses could be unearthed from No.1 Pit.

No.2 Pit sis about half the size of No.1 Pit, covering about 6,000 square meters Trail diggings show this is a composite formation of infantry, cavalry and chariot soldiers, from which roughly over 1,000 clay warriors, and 500 chariots and saddled horses could be unearthed. The 2,000-year-old wooden chariots are already rotten. But their shafts, cross yokes, and wheels, etc. left clear impressions on the earth bed. The copper parts of the chariots still remain. Each chariot is pulled by four horses which are one and half meters high and two metres long. According to textual research, these clay horses were sculptures after the breed in the area of Hexi Corridor. The horses for the cavalrymen were already saddled, but with no stirups.No.3 Pit covers an area of 520m2 with only four horses, one chariot and 68 warriors, supposed to be the command post of the battle formation. Now, No.2 and 3 Pits have been refilled, but visitors can see some clay figures and weapons displayed in the exhibition halls in the museum that had been unearthed from these two pits. The floors of both No.1 and 2 Pits were covered with a layer of silt of 15 to 20cm thick. In these pits, one can see traces of burnt beams everywhere, some relics which were mostly broken. Analysis shows that the pits were burned down by Xiang Yu, leader of a peasant army. All of the clay warriors in the three pits held real weapons in their hands and face east, showing Emperor Qin Shihuang’s strong determination of wiping out the six states and unifying the whole country.

The height of the terra-cotta warriors varies from 1.78m, the shortest, to 1.97m, the tallest. They look healthy and strong and have different facial expressions. Probably they were sculpted by the  craftsmen according to real soldiers of the Qin dynasy. They organically combined the skills of round engraving, bas-relief and linear engraving, and utilized the six traditional folk crafts of sculpturing, such as hand-moulding, sticking, cutting, painting and so on. The clay models were then put in kilns, baked and colour-painted. As the terra-cotta figures have beeb burnt and have gone through the natural process of decay, we can’t see their original gorgeous colours. However, most of the terra-cotta figures bear the trace of the original colours, and few of them are still as bright as new. They are found to be painted by mineral dyestuffs of vermilion, bright red, pink dark green, powder green, purple, blue, orange, black and white colours.

Thousands of real weapons were unearthed from these terra-cotta army pits, including broad knives, swords, spears, dagger-axes, halberds, bows, crossbows and arrowheads. These weapons were exquisitely made. Some of theme are still very sharp, analyses show that they are made of alloys of copper and tin, containing more than ten kinds of other metals. Since their surfaces were treated with chromium, they are as bright as new, though buried underground for more than 2,000 years. This indicates that Qin dynasty’s metallurgical technology and weapon-manufacturing technique already reached quite a high level.In December 1980, two teams of large painted bronze chariots and horses were unearthed 20 metres west of the mound of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum. These single shaft four-horse chariots each comprises 3,462 spare parts, and has a body with two compartments, one behind the other, and an elliptical umbrella like canopy. The four horses harnessed to the chariot are 65-67 centimeters tall. The restored bronze chariots and horses are exact imitations of true chariot, horse and driver in half life-size.

The chariots and horses are decorated with coloured drawings against white background. They have been fitted with more than 1,500 piecese of gold and silvers and decorations, looking luxurious, splendid and graceful. Probably they were meant for the use of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s soul to go on inspection. The bronze chariots and horses were made by lost wax casting, which shows a high level of technology. For instance, the tortoise-shell-like canopy is about 4mm thick, and the window is only 1mm thick on which are many small holes for ventilation. According to a preliminary study, the technology of manufacturing the bronze chariots and horses has involved casting, welding, reveting, inlaying embedding and chiseling. The excavation of the bronze chariots and horses provides extremely valuable material and data for the textual research of the metallurgical technique, the mechanism of the chariot and technological modeling of the Qin dynasty.

No.2 bronze chariot and horses now on display were found broken into 1,555 pieces when excavated. After two-and-half years’ careful and painstaking restoration by archaeologists and various specialists, they were formally exhibited in the museum on October 1, 1983. No.1 bronze chariot hand horses are on display from 1988.